精制白面粉在胃里会变成一种黏糊糊的胶水样糊状物，粘在胃壁上，削弱胃的收缩，从而引起反流和消化不良；而全麦面粉不会粘住，很容易消化。
原始表述
الدقيق الأبيض يلتصق بجدار المعدة فيعيق حركتها ويسبب ارتجاع المريء وعسر الهضم، أما الدقيق كامل الحبة فيُهضم بسهولة ولا يترك بقايا لزجة.
非原话——为转述. 译文由本项目提供；以阿拉伯语原文为准。
译文
精制白面粉在胃里会变成一种黏糊糊的胶水样糊状物，粘在胃壁上，削弱胃的收缩，从而引起反流和消化不良；而全麦面粉不会粘住，很容易消化。
出处
- 来源状态
- 档案网站引语（未注明出处）
- 归属
- Elawady (archive paraphrase; source video not given)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/refined-wheat/
- 归属的不确定性
- The archive attributes this text to Dr. Diaa in its 'د. ضياء يقول' box but gives no video reference. Transcript check (the project's research files, keyword search of 307 archive transcripts): found_close_paraphrase. 'White flour sticks to the stomach wall' and its link to reflux are found (UqDR-_6w88s, 1C_UKJAD95E). The positive statement 'whole-grain flour digests easily and leaves no sticky residue' was not found verbatim; 1C_UKJAD95E contrasts whole-grain and refined flour, but the exact claim was not located.
- 所声称的机制
Gluten/starch of refined flour forms a colloidal adhesive layer on the gastric wall (demonstrated with flour paste in glass bottles); the layer blocks contractions, delays emptying and pushes weak acid fluid into the oesophagus. In a later video it is said to also block the duodenum and inflame pancreas and liver.
- 所声称的健康影响
Gastro-oesophageal reflux, dyspepsia, bloating; in one video raised liver and pancreatic enzymes.
- 涉及人群
Everyone eating white-flour products.
- Elawady 设定的地域限制
none found
来源版本存在差异
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- ايه اللى بيحصل فى معدتنا بعد اكل العيش .. فيديو خطير وكلام اول مرة تسمعوه (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2021年3月24日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript. The video demonstrates the claim with flour-water mixtures in glass bottles used as a stomach model. Excerpt: 'ده جدار المعدة بعد الأكل وده جدار المعدة بعد ما كاننا الدقيق الأبيض'.
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- مشكلة الدقيق مش جلوتين (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年1月28日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript. Excerpt: 'اما تيجي تدوب الدقيق بقى في الميه بيخلق منه ماده غرويه ... وبعد كده اما تيجي تنشف بتتحول لماده خرسانيه'.
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- بدأت قناة ＂Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي＂ بثًا مباشرًاFAQs (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2026年4月6日
- 时间戳
- 无（转录文本不含时间信息）
- 归属的不确定性
- Machine transcript. Excerpt: 'الجلوتين ده بيتحول ... يبقى غروي وطالما بقى غروي هيلزق في جدار المعده يجرحه ويلزق في الاثن ع فيقفله فيعمل لك التهاب في البنكرياس والتهاب في في الكبد'.
- 来源状态
- 档案网站编辑
- 归属
- Archive editors (study selection and narrative)
- 出处
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/refined-wheat/
- 归属的不确定性
- Written by the archive operators; the study citations are the archive's, not shown to be Elawady's own.
- 来源状态
- 第三方网站（非官方）
- 归属
- Third-party site (unofficial; lowest attribution level)
- 出处
- https://altayybat.com/ar/
- 归属的不确定性
- altayybat.com: 'الدقيق الأبيض ومنتجاته ... يُبطئ الهضم ويتخمّر في الأمعاء مُسبِّباً انتفاخاً وآلاماً'.
بيشرب شاي بقى بيشرب كازوزه ا بيدي بياخد كونترالاك بياخد نيكسيوم بياكل دقيق بياكل مكرونه بياكل اندومي اي دقيق ابيض ولازق على الجدار الاتش سي ال بتاعك اقل من الطبيعي خلاص بنسميها الاكلوروهايد
He drinks tea, drinks soda, takes Controloc, takes Nexium, eats flour, eats pasta, eats Indomie - any white flour, stuck on the wall - your HCl is lower than normal; we call it achlorhydria.
- 来源状态
- 视频转录文本（本人原话）
- 归属
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- 视频
- حقيقه جرثومه المعده . #ضياء_العوضي (打开来源)
- 发布日期
- 2025年12月15日
- 时间戳
- 0:31:21 (在原视频 YouTube 自动字幕轨中的位置；可确认该内容出现的位置，但不能确认说话人是谁)
- 归属的不确定性
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); no timestamps; wording may contain speech-recognition errors; speaker turns are not marked, the excerpt was judged to be Elawady's own speech from context.
科学评估
错误 – 该说法与可靠证据相矛盾。
证据确定性: 中 – 进一步研究仍可能影响该评估。
1. 说法是什么？
White flour forms a sticky paste that coats the stomach wall, blocks motility and causes reflux and indigestion; whole-grain flour does not.
2. 哪些内容可证实是正确的？
Wheat flour mixed with water forms a viscoelastic dough because of gluten proteins; that observation outside the body is correct. Higher dietary fibre intake has been associated with fewer reflux symptoms in one cross-sectional study (I-WHT-03), so a preference for higher-fibre bread is not unreasonable.
3. 哪些内容是错误或夸大的？
The stomach is not a glass bottle: it secretes acid and pepsin, contains amylase from saliva, is lined by a protective mucus layer, and mixes and grinds its contents. Bread is broken down and emptied; there is no evidence that a flour layer adheres to the gastric wall or blocks contractions. The PURE authors whose study the archive cites explain the risk of refined grains by the opposite mechanism: rapid digestion and fast glucose absorption (A-WHT-01, full text). The added claims that flour blocks the duodenum and inflames pancreas and liver have no supporting evidence.
4. 哪些内容仍不明确？
Whether some individuals have fewer reflux or bloating symptoms when they replace white bread with other foods has not been tested in controlled trials of this specific diet.
5. 哪些研究支持该说法？
None for the adhesion mechanism. Partial, indirect points: bread with added gluten forms more heterogeneous chyme on MRI without slower emptying or symptoms (I-WHT-103); gluten challenge modestly worsened dyspeptic symptoms in selected patients (I-WHT-104); I-WHT-03 (cross-sectional) links higher fibre intake with fewer reflux symptoms.
6. 哪些研究与该说法相矛盾？
I-WHT-101 (no difference in gastric emptying between matched refined and whole-grain wheat), I-WHT-102 (same solid emptying for white and wholemeal bread); general gastric physiology; A-WHT-01 authors' rapid-absorption explanation.
7. 对德国和欧洲而言情况如何？
European reflux management focuses on weight, meal timing, and medicines where indicated; no European body describes white flour as a gastric adhesive.
8. 关于埃及的已知情况是什么？
Egyptian baladi bread and fino bread are central staples; the claim therefore affects a large share of daily energy intake. No Egyptian data support the mechanism.
9. 合理的实际结论是什么？
为了整体健康，用全谷物产品替代部分白面包是合理的，但理由并不是白面粉会粘住胃。持续的反流需要就医评估。
评估详情
- 证据确定性的依据
The claim contradicts well-established gastric physiology (acid, pepsin, salivary/pancreatic amylase, mucus layer, peristaltic mixing), and the part about impaired stomach function has now been tested directly: matched refined and whole-grain wheat products did not differ in gastric emptying in a randomised crossover trial (I-WHT-101), and white bread solids emptied at the same rate as wholemeal bread (I-WHT-102). No study shows flour adhering to the gastric mucosa. Certainty is moderate rather than high because these direct studies are small.
- 来源质量
Primary source is a demonstration video with glass bottles (no measurements, no controls for digestive enzymes, acid or motility). The archive cites no study that addresses the mechanism; all 18 archive studies are epidemiological, metabolic or in-vitro/ex-vivo permeability studies.
- 地区可推广性
Physiology is universal; regional context does not change the assessment.
- 个体例外情况
Some individuals report fewer symptoms on lower-wheat diets (e.g., people with irritable bowel syndrome who react to fermentable carbohydrates such as fructans, or people with coeliac disease). This is a different mechanism from 'glue'.
- 说法的地域范围
- 普遍性（生物学/医学）
- 最近审核
- 2026年10月26日 初步
科学证据详解
已被科学证据否定 – 高质量证据显示情况恰恰相反，或该说法与已确立的生理学知识相矛盾。
研究问题: Does refined white flour form an adhesive paste in the stomach that impairs gastric contractions and causes reflux and indigestion, unlike whole-grain flour?
研究问题详解 (PICO)
- 人群
- Adults eating white-flour products
- 干预或暴露
- Refined white flour/bread
- 对照
- Whole-grain flour/bread
- 地域范围
- universal physiology
- 结局指标
- Gastric emptying
- Intragastric behaviour (MRI)
- Dyspeptic and reflux symptoms
研究结果按作者报告呈现。我们的评估见下文。
哪些证据支持该说法？
High-gluten bread looks clumpier in the stomach but empties normally
High-gluten bread produced more heterogeneous ("clumpier") stomach contents on MRI.
- 实际结果
- Chyme heterogeneity score 6 vs 3 (P=0.003); gastric emptying and symptoms unchanged.
- 方法学质量
- low (n=12, open-label)
- 相关性
- partial: dough-like chyme, but no impaired emptying
- 局限
- Healthy volunteers; not white vs whole-grain.
Gluten worsened bloating and fullness in some sensitive patients
In selected patients, gluten challenge modestly worsened bloating, early satiety and epigastric pain.
- 实际结果
- WMD 0.46-0.91 on symptom scales; 5 RCTs.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (meta-analysis, heterogeneous)
- 相关性
- indirect: gluten in sensitive groups, not white flour in everyone
- 局限
- High heterogeneity; nocebo possible.
哪些证据不支持该说法？
White and whole-wheat flour leave the stomach at the same speed
Matched refined and whole-grain wheat products did not differ in gastric emptying.
- 实际结果
- Bayes factors: weak to strong evidence for no difference.
- 方法学质量
- moderate (randomised crossover, n=16)
- 相关性
- direct test of the motility claim
- 局限
- Small; porridge.
White bread does not stay longer in the stomach than wholemeal
Solid phase of white bread emptied from the stomach at the same rate as wholemeal bread.
- 实际结果
- No difference in solid emptying; liquid emptied faster after white bread.
- 方法学质量
- low (old small physiological study)
- 相关性
- direct
- 局限
- Old; size not reported.
总体证据说明了什么？
基于上述研究的编辑评估——其本身并非研究结果。
哪种观点有更好的证据支持？
White flour does not glue to the stomach or impair emptying; small direct studies found no difference between refined and whole-grain wheat in gastric emptying.
为什么有些研究权重更大
Direct physiological measurements (I-WHT-101, I-WHT-102) outweigh a bottle demonstration; symptom data in gluten-sensitive subgroups are indirect.
因果关系是否已确立？ 尚未确立 No evidence that white flour causes gastric adhesion or dysmotility; symptom effects of gluten in subgroups are modest and partly nocebo.
仍存在的不确定性
Whether people with reflux or functional dyspepsia respond differently to white vs whole-grain bread.
合理的结论
The glue mechanism is false; preferring whole-grain bread is reasonable for other reasons.
为什么研究结果看起来互相矛盾？
The MRI finding (I-WHT-103) concerns the appearance of chyme with extra gluten, not adhesion to the wall or delayed emptying; it is compatible with the null emptying results.
这是否取决于国家？
- 一般生物学效应
- Universal gastric physiology.
- 饮食习惯
- Bread is a central staple in Egypt.
- 食品原产地
- Not relevant.
- 污染物
- Not relevant.
- 本国生产条件
- Not relevant.
- 法律规则
- Not relevant.
- 实际监测数据
- Not relevant.
足以改变结论的地区差异没有可靠数据支持。
统计复核
- Inference on null effect – Authors used Bayes factors; no recalculation possible from the abstract. 无法根据已发表数据重新计算
总体证据的确定性（GRADE，简化版）
- 主要结局
- Gastric emptying after refined vs whole-grain wheat
- 起始等级
- 高（随机试验）
- 降级理由
- imprecision (small studies)
- 结果
- 中
由单名审查者参照 GRADE 方法进行的简化评估；并非正式的 GRADE 专家组评估。GRADE 评价的是针对某一结局的整体证据，而非单项研究。
检索策略
本次审查的文献检索记录（检索式采用原数据库语法）。
| 数据库 | 日期 | 检索式 | 检索目标 | 命中数 | 纳入数 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (white bread[tiab] OR refined wheat[tiab] OR white flour[tiab] OR wholemeal bread[tiab] OR whole grain bread[tiab] OR wholegrain bread[tiab]) AND (gastric emptying[tiab] OR antral[tiab] OR gastric motility[tiab] OR dyspepsia[tiab] OR intragastric[tiab]) | 支持性证据 | 29 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (wheat[tiab] OR gluten[tiab] OR bread[tiab]) AND (functional dyspepsia[tiab]) AND (diet*[tiab]) | 支持性证据 | 39 | |
| Europe PMC | 2026年10月26日 | TITLE:("bread" OR "wheat" OR "flour") AND TITLE:("gastric emptying" OR "gastric" OR "stomach" OR "dyspepsia") | 双向 | 82 | |
| PubMed | 2026年10月26日 | (gastroesophageal reflux[tiab] OR GERD[tiab] OR GORD[tiab] OR heartburn[tiab]) AND (carbohydrate*[tiab] OR refined[tiab] OR bread[tiab] OR wheat[tiab] OR gluten[tiab] OR flour[tiab]) AND (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR clinical trial[pt] OR crossover[tiab]) | 双向 | 24 |
待解决的问题
Trials in reflux patients comparing white and whole-grain bread.
核查深度如何？
6 项相关研究：1 项核查了全文（其中 0 项进行了结构化偏倚风险评估），5 项基于摘要核查，0 项仅核查了文献信息。 尚未进行由两名独立审查者完成的正式评估，也尚未进行独立的人类专家审核。
最近一次科学审核: 2026年10月26日
评定结论的变更历史
- 2026年10月25日 · 第 1 阶段 · 初始评估: 错误 (中)
- 2026年10月26日 · 第 4 阶段（系统证据审查） · 在扩展证据后重新审查；评定结论不变: 错误 (中)
Verdict and certainty unchanged. The rationale changes: the motility part has now been tested directly (I-WHT-101, I-WHT-102) with null results, so the earlier caveat "no study directly tested the hypothesis" no longer applies; certainty stays moderate because the studies are small.
新来源: I-WHT-101 I-WHT-102 I-WHT-103 I-WHT-104
通俗解释
视频展示了面糊粘在玻璃瓶内壁上，并说胃里也会发生同样的事情。活的胃的运作方式截然不同：它分泌胃酸和消化酶，有一层保护性黏液层，并不断地混合和排空食物。没有任何研究表明白面包会粘在胃壁上或使胃停止蠕动。全麦面包有其他优点，主要是膳食纤维更多。持续的烧心应由医生检查。
与该说法相关的研究
支持该说法的研究 (0)
该组中没有研究。
与该说法相矛盾或限制该说法的研究 (3)
-
Very high refined-grain intake and death/heart disease in 21 countries
Swaminathan S et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33536317 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4948队列研究被 Tayebat 档案网站引用已核查全文★ 关键研究People eating about 7 portions/day of refined grains had 27% higher mortality and 33% more major heart events than those eating very little.
Authors propose rapid absorption, not adhesion.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 高 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Link grain types to death and heart disease worldwide
- 研究是如何开展的？
Followed 137,130 adults for about 9.5 years after a food questionnaire
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Adults 35-70 years in 21 countries
- 实际发现了什么？
Very high refined grain intake linked to more deaths and heart events; whole grains and white rice not linked
- 观察到的效应有多大？
HR 1.27 mortality; HR 1.33 major CVD (top vs bottom category)
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Eating very large amounts of refined-flour foods may be linked to worse heart health; moderate amounts were not studied as harmful
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Observational; diet measured once; confounding possible
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Supports a link at high intakes; does not support the 'glue' mechanism
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderately applicable
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot show that white flour causes heart disease or that moderate intake is harmful
-
White and whole-wheat flour leave the stomach at the same speed
Pletsch EA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 34999739 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab434随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要★ 关键研究In a randomised trial with matched porridges, refined and whole-wheat flour did not differ in gastric emptying or blood sugar.
Refined vs whole wheat: no difference in gastric emptying.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Compare refined and whole wheat digestion.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Randomised crossover.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
16 healthy adults.
- 实际发现了什么？
No difference in gastric emptying.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Bayes factors favour no effect.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
White flour does not block the stomach.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Small; porridge.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts the glue mechanism.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not test people with reflux.
-
White bread does not stay longer in the stomach than wholemeal
Grimes DS et al.. Gut 1977 · PMID 604193 · DOI 10.1136/gut.18.9.725其他独立交叉核查已核查摘要Isotope measurements showed the same emptying of solids for white and wholemeal bread.
Solid phase of white bread emptied at the same rate as wholemeal.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 否 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Compare stomach emptying of breads.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Isotope study.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
Small group of volunteers.
- 实际发现了什么？
Solids emptied equally.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
No difference.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
White bread is not "stuck".
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Old, small.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Contradicts the claim.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not test reflux symptoms.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
结果不一或不明确的研究 (3)
-
Diet and reflux
El-Serag HB et al.. Gut 2005 · PMID 15591498 · DOI 10.1136/gut.2004.040337横断面研究独立交叉核查已核查摘要More fibre linked to fewer reflux symptoms; more fat to more symptoms.
Fibre inversely associated with reflux; no mechanism.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Diet and reflux
- 研究是如何开展的？
Cross-sectional
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
371 volunteers
- 实际发现了什么？
Fibre protective association
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Weak hint
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Small
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Does not support glue mechanism
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
Moderate
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cause
-
High-gluten bread looks clumpier in the stomach but empties normally
Coletta M et al.. Br J Nutr 2016 · PMID 26522233 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114515004183随机对照试验独立交叉核查已核查摘要MRI showed more heterogeneous stomach contents with high-gluten bread, but emptying time and symptoms did not differ.
Gluten-rich bread forms more heterogeneous (clumpier) chyme, but emptying and symptoms unchanged.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 低 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
See how gluten content changes digestion.
- 研究是如何开展的？
MRI crossover.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
12 healthy adults.
- 实际发现了什么？
Clumpier chyme, same emptying.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
Heterogeneity score 6 vs 3.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Some truth in "dough-like" contents, but no blockage.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Very small.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Partly supports the image of a paste; contradicts the impaired-motility part.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Cannot show harm.
-
Gluten worsened bloating and fullness in some sensitive patients
Hosseinian SZ et al.. Nutr Rev 2023 · PMID 37115663 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad034Meta分析独立交叉核查已核查摘要In five pooled trials, gluten challenge modestly increased bloating, early fullness and upper abdominal pain.
Gluten can worsen dyspeptic symptoms in selected patients; does not support adhesion or impaired motility in general.
该研究是否支持这一具体说法？ 部分支持 · 方法学质量: 中 · 证据确定性：见该说法的总体评估
研究通俗解读
- 研究人员想了解什么？
Check gluten and indigestion.
- 研究是如何开展的？
Meta-analysis.
- 研究了多少人、动物或样本？
5 RCTs pooled.
- 实际发现了什么？
Modest increase in some symptoms.
- 观察到的效应有多大？
WMD 0.46-0.91.
- 研究结果对日常生活意味着什么？
Some people feel better with less gluten.
- 该研究有哪些局限？
Few trials, heterogeneous.
- 它对 Elawady 的具体说法说明了什么？
Partial support for symptoms, not for glue.
- 研究结果是否适用于德国和欧洲？
High.
- 从该研究中明确不能得出什么结论？
Does not apply to everyone.
该组中没有被标记为关键研究的研究。
地区背景
德国 / 欧盟
European reflux management focuses on weight, meal timing, and medicines where indicated; no European body describes white flour as a gastric adhesive.
埃及
Egyptian baladi bread and fino bread are central staples; the claim therefore affects a large share of daily energy intake. No Egyptian data support the mechanism.
在我的国家适用什么？
一般科学评估
错误 "胃里的胶水"这一机制没有证据支持，并且与基本的消化生理学相矛盾。
以下食品安全领域与该说法相关：
- 农药与农药残留
- 污染物（重金属、PFAS、PCB、二噁英、硝酸盐）
- 真菌毒素（霉菌毒素）
谷物与大米
选择一个国家，查看针对该国已核查的信息。
局限：法律规则描述的是允许什么，而不是每一种食品实际含有什么。检测数据来自样本，只有结合其方法细节才有意义。
参考文献
- Associations of cereal grains intake with cardiovascular disease and mortality across 21 countries in Prospective Urban and Rural Epidemiology study: prospective cohort study.. Swaminathan S et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33536317 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4948
- Matched whole grain wheat and refined wheat milled products do not differ in glycemic response or gastric emptying in a randomized, crossover trial.. Pletsch EA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 34999739 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab434
- Gastric emptying of wholemeal and white bread.. Grimes DS et al.. Gut 1977 · PMID 604193 · DOI 10.1136/gut.18.9.725
- Dietary intake and the risk of gastro-oesophageal reflux disease: a cross sectional study in volunteers.. El-Serag HB et al.. Gut 2005 · PMID 15591498 · DOI 10.1136/gut.2004.040337
- Effect of bread gluten content on gastrointestinal function: a crossover MRI study on healthy humans.. Coletta M et al.. Br J Nutr 2016 · PMID 26522233 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114515004183
- Effects of gluten on dyspeptic symptoms: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials.. Hosseinian SZ et al.. Nutr Rev 2023 · PMID 37115663 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad034