PPIs create dependency: the drug 'manufactures the disease it claims to treat', so that a short course for a passing complaint turns into chronic dependence and one 'cannot stop'.
Original statement
لكنّ المفتاح الذي يفسّر الإدمان الذي يصفه د. ضياء هو دراسة ريمر (Gastroenterology 2009): 120 متطوعاً صحيحاً تماماً، أُعطوا إيزوميبرازول 40 ملغ ثمانية أسابيع. بعد التوقف، 44% منهم ظهرت لديهم حرقة وارتداد لأول مرة في حياتهم، مقابل 15% للغفل. الدواء يخلق المرض الذي يدّعي علاجه. هذا هو الفخّ الذي يحذّر منه: ابدأ نكسيم لشكوى عابرة، فلا تستطيع التوقف.
not verbatim – paraphrase. Translation by the project; the Arabic wording is authoritative.
Translation
PPIs create dependency: the drug 'manufactures the disease it claims to treat', so that a short course for a passing complaint turns into chronic dependence and one 'cannot stop'.
Origin
- Source status
- Archive editors
- Attribution
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com); not verified as Elawady's own words
- Origin
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/acid-blockers/
- Attribution uncertainty
- Written by the archive operators; study selection is the archive's, not necessarily Elawady's.
- Claimed mechanism
Rebound acid hypersecretion.
- Claimed health effect
Lifelong dependence.
- Population concerned
PPI users.
- Geographic restriction by Elawady
none found
Diverging source versions
حمض المعدة ليس عدوّاً يجب قمعه، بل أداة أساسية للهضم وقتل الميكروبات وامتصاص الحديد وفيتامين ب12 والكالسيوم والمغنيزيوم. تثبيطه لفترات طويلة بـ PPIs (أوميبرازول، نكسيم، كونترلوك) أو مثبطات H2 ينقلب على الجسم: مرض كلوي مزمن، فرط نمو بكتيري، عدوى مطثية عسيرة، التهاب رئوي، نقص B12 والمغنيزيوم، كسور ورك، تغيّر الميكروبيوم، وزيادة الوفيات. والأخطر أنّ الجسم يدمن الدواء عبر فرط الإفراز الارتدادي بعد الإيقاف، فيتحوّل الاستخدام القصير إلى اعتماد مزمن.
- Source status
- Archive editors
- Attribution
- Archive editors (eltayebat.com)
- Origin
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/acid-blockers/
Scientific assessment
Mostly false – Essential parts of the statement are not supported by the evidence or are strongly exaggerated.
Certainty of evidence: moderate – Further research may still affect the assessment.
1. What was claimed?
PPIs create an inescapable dependence.
2. What is demonstrably correct?
Rebound symptoms can make stopping harder and may contribute to unnecessary long-term use (a hypothesis stated in Lødrup 2013).
3. What is wrong or exaggerated?
'Cannot stop' is not supported: guidelines (Farrell 2017; AGA 2022) describe successful dose reduction, on-demand use and discontinuation in suitable patients, by tapering or abrupt stop. 'Addiction' is not the right concept: there is no craving or compulsive use.
4. What remains unclear?
How often rebound is the main reason for long-term use in practice is not known.
5. Which studies support it?
A-PPI-14 and Niklasson 2010 (I-PPI-104): rebound symptoms after withdrawal (mechanism only); Namikawa 2024 (I-PPI-105): rebound may lead patients to restart PPIs unnecessarily; Cochrane 2017 (I-PPI-103): more symptoms with on-demand use in mild GERD.
6. Which studies contradict it?
Koggel 2026 RCT (I-PPI-106): 86% vs 64% discontinued within 2 months; Cochrane 2017 (I-PPI-103): pill burden -3.79 pills/week; Farrell 2017 (I-PPI-05), AGA 2022 (I-PPI-04), Lodrup 2013 (I-PPI-06).
7. What applies to Germany and Europe?
PPIs are among the most widely prescribed drugs in Germany and Europe; several (e.g. pantoprazole, omeprazole) are sold over the counter in small packs for short-term use. European data (Stockholm, UK GPRD/CPRD, Rotterdam) are among the cited cohorts, so the observational findings apply to European users with the same confounding limits.
8. What is known about Egypt?
Elawady describes PPIs (Controloc, Nexium) as widely used and sold without prescription in Egypt. No Egypt-specific outcome data were reviewed. The biology and trial results are not expected to differ by country; H. pylori infection, which is common in many countries, is an additional reason why acid-suppression and eradication therapy are prescribed.
9. What practical conclusion is appropriate?
People who want to stop a PPI should do so with their doctor, expecting a few weeks of possible rebound; those with Barrett's oesophagus, severe oesophagitis or bleeding risk should not stop without specialist advice.
Assessment details
- Rationale for certainty of evidence
Rebound is real but transient (two placebo-controlled RCTs: A-PPI-14, I-PPI-104; symptoms gone by week 3 in I-PPI-104). A 2026 randomised trial in outpatients without a chronic indication found that 64% (brochure) to 86% (app) had stopped PPIs after 2 months (I-PPI-106), and a Cochrane review found that deprescribing reduces pill burden, although on-demand use increases symptoms in some people with mild GERD (I-PPI-103). Guidelines describe tapering or abrupt discontinuation (I-PPI-04, I-PPI-05). No evidence of pharmacological addiction was found.
- Source quality
Archive editorial extrapolation from one volunteer RCT.
- Regional transferability
High.
- Individual exceptions
Patients with ongoing reflux disease may genuinely need long-term therapy; this is not dependence.
- Regional scope of the claim
- general (biological/medical)
- Last reviewed
- 26 October 2026 provisional
Scientific evidence in detail
Overinterpreted – A real finding exists, but the claim draws more from it than the data allow (e.g. association taken as cause, animal data applied to humans, small effect presented as large).
Research question: Do PPIs create dependence so that a short course turns into chronic use and one 'cannot stop'?
Research question in detail (PICO)
- Population
- Long-term PPI users without a continuing indication
- Intervention or exposure
- Deprescribing (stop, taper, on-demand)
- Comparison
- Continued use
- Geographic scope
- universal pharmacology
- Outcomes
- Successful discontinuation
- Symptom relapse
- Adverse withdrawal events
Study results as reported by the authors. Our assessment follows below.
What speaks for the claim?
Are acid blockers addictive?
Namikawa K et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2024 · PMID 38791497 · DOI 10.3390/ijms25105459 Narrative reviewabstract checkednewly addedExpert review: rebound may lead patients to restart PPIs because symptoms are mistaken for relapse.
- Actual result
- 40-50% symptomatic after withdrawal in volunteers
- Methodological quality
- low (narrative review)
- Relevance
- direct for the mechanism of unnecessary continuation
- Limitations
- Narrative
Cutting down acid blockers: fewer pills, more symptoms for some
Boghossian TA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28301676 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011969.pub2 Systematic reviewabstract checkednewly addedCochrane: on-demand deprescribing increases lack of symptom control.
- Actual result
- RR 1.71 (1.31-2.21), low-quality
- Methodological quality
- high (Cochrane) / low-quality evidence
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- Mild GERD only
What speaks against the claim?
Most people could stop unnecessary acid blockers
Koggel LM et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2026 · PMID 42894466 · DOI 10.1002/ueg2.70297 Randomised controlled trialfull text checkednewly addedRCT: among outpatients without indication, most stopped PPIs within 2 months.
- Actual result
- 86% (app) and 64% (brochure) discontinued; RR 1.34 (1.11-1.61)
- Methodological quality
- moderate (open-label RCT, full text)
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- 2-month follow-up; self-report
Cutting down acid blockers: fewer pills, more symptoms for some
Boghossian TA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28301676 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011969.pub2 Systematic reviewabstract checkednewly addedCochrane: deprescribing reduced pill burden.
- Actual result
- MD -3.79 pills/week (moderate quality)
- Methodological quality
- high
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- Mild GERD
How to stop PPIs safely (AGA 2022)
Targownik LE et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35183361 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.247 Guideline / position statementabstract checkedAGA 2022: tapering or abrupt discontinuation both possible; warn about transient rebound.
- Actual result
- BPA 8-9
- Methodological quality
- guideline
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- Expert review
What does the overall evidence say?
Editorial assessment based on the studies above – not itself a study result.
Which position is better supported?
Rebound can make stopping uncomfortable and may sustain unnecessary use, but most people without an indication can stop; there is no addiction in the pharmacological sense.
Why some studies weigh more
RCT data on discontinuation and Cochrane evidence outweigh narrative concerns.
Is a causal relationship established? Not applicable Dependence in the sense of being unable to stop is contradicted by trial data.
Remaining uncertainty
Long-term relapse after discontinuation.
Justified conclusion
Overstated.
Why do studies seem to disagree?
Cochrane (more symptoms with on-demand use) vs Koggel (most can stop) answer different questions: symptom control in GERD patients vs discontinuation in people without indication.
Does this depend on the country?
- General biological effects
- Pharmacology of PPIs is the same in Egypt and Europe.
- Eating habits
- Not decisive.
- Origin of the food
- Not relevant.
- Contaminants
- Not relevant (except ranitidine NDMA impurities, C-PPI-08).
- National production conditions
- Generic products are used in both regions; no evidence of different pharmacological effects.
- Legal rules
- PPIs are partly available without prescription in Egypt and (small packs, short-term) in the EU; prescribing practices differ.
- Actual monitoring data
- No Egyptian outcome data identified; one Egypt/Iraq pharmacist survey (I-PPI-120).
A regional difference that changes the conclusion is not supported by robust data.
Statistical re-check
- Recalculated RR and Wilson CIs – RR 1.34 (1.12-1.61) matches; brochure arm 64% (53%-73%) recalculated
- Log-symmetry – RR 1.71 (1.31-2.21) consistent recalculated
Certainty of the overall evidence (GRADE, simplified)
- Main outcome
- Ability to discontinue PPIs without indication
- Starting level
- high (randomised trials)
- Reasons for downgrading
- risk of bias (open-label, self-report)
- imprecision
- Result
- moderate
Simplified assessment by a single reviewer, following the GRADE approach; not a formal GRADE panel. GRADE rates the body of evidence for one outcome, not individual studies.
Clinical guidelines and official statements checked
- AGA (American Gastroenterological Association): AGA Clinical Practice Update on De-Prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Expert Review (Targownik LE et al., Gastroenterology 2022; I-PPI-04) (2022) · Original publication
Best Practice Advice read verbatim in the PubMed record: regular review and documentation of the indication (BPA 1); trial of de-prescribing for all without a definitive indication (BPA 2); complicated GERD (severe erosive oesophagitis, oesophageal ulcer, peptic stricture) generally not for discontinuation (BPA 4); Barrett's oesophagus, eosinophilic oesophagitis, idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis generally not for de-prescribing (BPA 5); assess upper GI bleeding risk first and do not de-prescribe in high-risk patients (BPA 6-7); warn about transient rebound symptoms (BPA 8); tapering or abrupt stop both possible (BPA 9); decide on indication, not on fear of PPI-associated adverse events (BPA 10). The publisher page could not be fetched (HTTP 403). - ACG (American College of Gastroenterology): ACG Clinical Guideline for the Diagnosis and Management of Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (Katz PO et al. 2022; I-PPI-10) (2022) · Original publication
Full text read: weight loss recommended for overweight/obese patients (strong, moderate evidence); avoid meals within 2-3 h of bedtime, avoid tobacco, avoid 'trigger foods', elevate head of bed for nocturnal symptoms (conditional, low evidence); Table 3 rates 'avoid carbonated beverages' as moderate evidence and recommendable; PPIs over H2RAs for healing erosive oesophagitis (strong, high evidence); attempt to discontinue PPIs in patients without erosive oesophagitis or Barrett's whose symptoms resolved (conditional, low); maintenance PPI indefinitely or surgery for LA grade C/D oesophagitis (strong, moderate); endoscopy first for dysphagia or alarm symptoms (weight loss, GI bleeding); rebound shown in healthy controls but strong evidence for symptom increase after abrupt withdrawal in patients is lacking.
Search strategy
Documented literature searches for this review (search strings in the original database syntax).
| Database | Date | Search | Looking for | Hits | Included |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 26 October 2026 | TITLE:(dyspeptic OR "acid-related" OR rebound OR "acid hypersecretion") AND TITLE:(discontinuation OR withdrawal OR cessation OR stopping) AND (proton OR esomeprazole OR pantoprazole OR omeprazole OR lansoprazole) | both directions | 15 | |
| Europe PMC | 26 October 2026 | TITLE:deprescribing AND TITLE:"proton pump inhibitor" AND (cochrane OR "systematic review") | both directions | 3 | |
| PubMed (E-utilities esearch) | 26 October 2026 | (proton pump inhibitors[mh]) AND (deprescriptions[mh] OR discontinu*[ti]) AND (randomized controlled trial[pt] OR systematic review[pt]) | both directions | 17 | |
| PubMed efetch (record of PMID 35183361) | 26 October 2026 | efetch id=35183361 (AGA 2022 de-prescribing BPA statements); publisher page attempted via WebFetch returned HTTP 403 | guidelines | 1 | |
| Web (curl/WebFetch of guideline page) | 26 October 2026 | https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC8754510/ (ACG 2022 GERD guideline full text; Europe PMC fullTextXML returned HTTP 500) | guidelines | 1 |
Open questions
Sustained discontinuation beyond 2 months.
How deeply was this checked?
8 linked studies: 1 checked in full text (0 of them with a structured risk-of-bias assessment), 7 on the basis of the abstract, 0 bibliographically only. No formal assessment with two independent reviewers and no independent human expert review has taken place yet.
Last scientific review: 26 October 2026
History of the verdict
- 25 October 2026 · Phase 1 · Initial assessment: Mostly false (low)
- 26 October 2026 · Phase 4 (systematic evidence review) · Verdict changed: Mostly false (low) → Mostly false (moderate)
Certainty raised: a randomised discontinuation trial (2026) and the Cochrane review now provide direct evidence that most people can stop; previously the judgement relied on guidelines.
New sources: I-PPI-103 I-PPI-104 I-PPI-105 I-PPI-106
In plain language
Stopping an acid blocker can cause a few weeks of extra heartburn. That makes stopping uncomfortable, but it does not mean that people cannot stop. Guidelines explain how to reduce or stop these drugs step by step, and many people manage to do so. People with certain conditions, however, need to keep taking them.
Studies on this claim
Studies supporting the claim (0)
No studies in this group.
Studies contradicting or limiting the claim (4)
-
Canadian guideline for stopping PPIs
Farrell B et al.. Can Fam Physician 2017 · PMID 28500192Guideline / position statementindependent cross-checkabstract checkedPPIs can be reduced or stopped in many patients, but not in Barrett's, severe oesophagitis or after bleeding ulcers.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Deprescribing.
- How was the study done?
GRADE guideline.
- What was actually found?
Deprescribe eligible patients.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Stopping is possible.
- What are the study's limitations?
Abstract only.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts 'cannot stop' and universal ban.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
-
How to stop PPIs safely (AGA 2022)
Targownik LE et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35183361 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.247Guideline / position statementindependent cross-checkabstract checked★ key studyStop PPIs without a definite indication; keep them in Barrett's, severe oesophagitis and high bleeding risk; expect temporary rebound.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
De-prescribing guidance.
- How was the study done?
Expert review.
- What was actually found?
10 statements.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Many people can stop; some must not.
- What are the study's limitations?
Expert opinion.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports overuse claim; contradicts universal ban and 'cannot stop'.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
-
Rebound symptoms after stopping PPIs – review
Lødrup AB et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23311977 · DOI 10.3109/00365521.2012.746395Systematic reviewindependent cross-checkabstract checked★ key studyVolunteers often get mild symptoms for up to 4 weeks; patients' studies show no clear rebound.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
RAHS symptoms.
- How was the study done?
Systematic review.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
5 studies.
- What was actually found?
Mild transient symptoms in volunteers.
- How large was the observed effect?
44%.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Temporary symptoms.
- What are the study's limitations?
Few studies.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports rebound, limits 'addiction'.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Effect in patients.
-
Most people could stop unnecessary acid blockers
Koggel LM et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2026 · PMID 42894466 · DOI 10.1002/ueg2.70297Randomised controlled trialindependent cross-checkfull text checked★ key studyAmong outpatients without a reason for long-term PPIs, 86% using an app and 64% using a leaflet had stopped after 2 months.
64-86% stopped PPIs within 2 months
Does the study support the specific claim? No · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Help people stop unneeded PPIs.
- How was the study done?
Randomised trial, app vs brochure.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
163 Dutch outpatients.
- What was actually found?
86% vs 64% stopped; few side effects.
- How large was the observed effect?
RR 1.34 (1.11-1.61).
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Stopping is usually possible with good information.
- What are the study's limitations?
Short follow-up; self-report.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts 'cannot stop'.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Directly applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Cannot tell how many restart later.
No study in this group is marked as key.
Studies with mixed or unclear results (4)
-
Stopping a PPI can cause rebound heartburn
Reimer C et al.. Gastroenterology 2009 · PMID 19362552 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058Randomised controlled trialcited by the Tayebat archiveabstract checked★ key studyAfter stopping esomeprazole, 44% of healthy volunteers had acid symptoms vs 15% on placebo.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: high · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Rebound symptoms after PPI.
- How was the study done?
Double-blind RCT.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
120 healthy adults.
- What was actually found?
More acid symptoms after withdrawal.
- How large was the observed effect?
44% vs 15%.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Expect temporary symptoms when stopping.
- What are the study's limitations?
Short follow-up; mild symptoms.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports rebound, not 'addiction'.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Lifelong dependence.
-
Cutting down acid blockers: fewer pills, more symptoms for some
Boghossian TA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28301676 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011969.pub2Systematic reviewindependent cross-checkabstract checked★ key studyIn six trials of people with mild reflux, switching to as-needed PPI cut pill use by about 4 pills a week but more people had uncontrolled symptoms.
Deprescribing reduces pill burden but increases symptoms in some
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: high · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Assess stopping or reducing long-term PPIs.
- How was the study done?
Cochrane review of RCTs.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
6 trials, 1758 adults.
- What was actually found?
Fewer pills; more symptom relapse with on-demand use.
- How large was the observed effect?
RR 1.71 lack of symptom control.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Many can reduce PPIs; some will have more symptoms.
- What are the study's limitations?
Low-quality evidence; mild GERD only.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts 'cannot stop', but shows stopping is not always easy.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Cannot tell long-term effects.
-
Stopping an acid blocker caused short-lived indigestion in healthy people
Niklasson A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2010 · PMID 20332770 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2010.81Randomised controlled trialindependent cross-checkabstract checked★ key studyAfter 4 weeks of pantoprazole, 44% of healthy volunteers developed indigestion when they stopped, compared with 9% after placebo; it faded within 3 weeks.
Rebound real but resolved within 3 weeks
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: high · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Test for rebound after stopping a PPI.
- How was the study done?
Double-blind RCT.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
48 healthy volunteers.
- What was actually found?
44% vs 9% developed indigestion; gone by week 3.
- How large was the observed effect?
RR about 5; NNH about 3.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Expect a few weeks of symptoms after stopping; it does not mean you need the drug.
- What are the study's limitations?
Small; short treatment.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports rebound claim; limits 'dependence' claim.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Cannot show permanent dependence.
-
Are acid blockers addictive?
Namikawa K et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2024 · PMID 38791497 · DOI 10.3390/ijms25105459Narrative reviewindependent cross-checkabstract checkedStopping PPIs can cause a temporary acid surge that people mistake for their old illness; warning patients helps them stop.
Rebound can lead to unnecessary restarts; preventable by informing patients
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: low · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Review rebound after PPI withdrawal.
- How was the study done?
Narrative review.
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
Published studies.
- What was actually found?
Rebound is well established; may cause unnecessary restarts.
- How large was the observed effect?
40-50% symptomatic in volunteers.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Knowing about rebound makes stopping easier.
- What are the study's limitations?
Not systematic.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Partly supports the 'trap' idea but not 'cannot stop'.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Applicable.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Cannot quantify long-term dependence.
No study in this group is marked as key.
Regional context
Germany / EU
PPIs are among the most widely prescribed drugs in Germany and Europe; several (e.g. pantoprazole, omeprazole) are sold over the counter in small packs for short-term use. European data (Stockholm, UK GPRD/CPRD, Rotterdam) are among the cited cohorts, so the observational findings apply to European users with the same confounding limits.
Egypt
Elawady describes PPIs (Controloc, Nexium) as widely used and sold without prescription in Egypt. No Egypt-specific outcome data were reviewed. The biology and trial results are not expected to differ by country; H. pylori infection, which is common in many countries, is an additional reason why acid-suppression and eradication therapy are prescribed.
What applies in my country?
General scientific assessment
Mostly false Overstated: rebound is temporary and PPIs can usually be reduced or stopped when no longer indicated.
This statement concerns biological or medical relationships. The scientific assessment above applies regardless of the country; country-specific food data do not change it.
References
- Deprescribing proton pump inhibitors: Evidence-based clinical practice guideline.. Farrell B et al.. Can Fam Physician 2017 · PMID 28500192
- AGA Clinical Practice Update on De-Prescribing of Proton Pump Inhibitors: Expert Review.. Targownik LE et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35183361 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.247
- Systematic review: symptoms of rebound acid hypersecretion following proton pump inhibitor treatment.. Lødrup AB et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23311977 · DOI 10.3109/00365521.2012.746395
- An App-Based Proton Pump Inhibitor Discontinuation Tool: A Multicentre, Open-Label, Randomised Superiority Trial.. Koggel LM et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2026 · PMID 42894466 · DOI 10.1002/ueg2.70297
- Proton-pump inhibitor therapy induces acid-related symptoms in healthy volunteers after withdrawal of therapy.. Reimer C et al.. Gastroenterology 2009 · PMID 19362552 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058
- Deprescribing versus continuation of chronic proton pump inhibitor use in adults.. Boghossian TA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28301676 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011969.pub2
- Dyspeptic symptom development after discontinuation of a proton pump inhibitor: a double-blind placebo-controlled trial.. Niklasson A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2010 · PMID 20332770 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2010.81
- Rebound Acid Hypersecretion after Withdrawal of Long-Term Proton Pump Inhibitor (PPI) Treatment-Are PPIs Addictive?. Namikawa K et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2024 · PMID 38791497 · DOI 10.3390/ijms25105459