Study register
All studies cited by the Tayebat archive plus the independent studies used for cross-checking. Every study was checked against PubMed or Crossref for existence, title, year, DOI and retraction.
Archive rule: acid blockers (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-PPI-01 | PPI use and chronic kidney disease Lazarus B et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2016 · PMID 26752337 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7193 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-02 | PPIs and kidney decline without acute kidney injury Xie Y et al.. Kidney Int 2017 · PMID 28237709 · DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2016.12.021 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-03 | PPIs and CKD progression in Stockholm Klatte DCF et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28583827 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.05.046 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-04 | PPIs and dementia in German claims data Gomm W et al.. JAMA Neurol 2016 · PMID 26882076 · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2015.4791 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| A-PPI-05 | PPIs and C. difficile – meta-analysis Trifan A et al.. World J Gastroenterol 2017 · PMID 29085200 · DOI 10.3748/wjg.v23.i35.6500 | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-06 | PPIs and C. difficile in hospital Janarthanan S et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2012 · PMID 22710578 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2012.179 | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-07 | Acid blockers and pneumonia Eom CS et al.. CMAJ 2011 · PMID 21173070 · DOI 10.1503/cmaj.092129 | Meta-analysis | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-08 | PPIs and hip fracture (UK) Yang YX et al.. JAMA 2006 · PMID 17190895 · DOI 10.1001/jama.296.24.2947 | Case-control study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-09 | Acid blockers and low vitamin B12 Lam JR et al.. JAMA 2013 · PMID 24327038 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2013.280490 | Case-control study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-10 | PPIs and low magnesium (Rotterdam) Kieboom BC et al.. Am J Kidney Dis 2015 · PMID 26123862 · DOI 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.05.012 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-11 | PPIs and stomach cancer after H. pylori treatment Cheung KS et al.. Gut 2018 · PMID 29089382 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2017-314605 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-12 | PPIs and death in US veterans Xie Y et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31147311 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1580 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-13 | PPIs and death risk (veterans) Xie Y et al.. BMJ Open 2017 · PMID 28676480 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-015735 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-14 | Stopping a PPI can cause rebound heartburn Reimer C et al.. Gastroenterology 2009 · PMID 19362552 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2009.03.058 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-PPI-15 | PPIs change gut bacteria (TwinsUK) Jackson MA et al.. Gut 2016 · PMID 26719299 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310861 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-16 | PPIs and the gut microbiome (Netherlands) Imhann F et al.. Gut 2016 · PMID 26657899 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2015-310376 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-PPI-17 | PPIs and bacterial overgrowth Lo WK et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2013 · PMID 23270866 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2012.12.011 | Meta-analysis | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-PPI-18 | Ranitidine and NDMA in the lab Braunstein LZ et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2021 · PMID 33512515 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2020.34766 | Laboratory / cell study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
Archive rule: antibiotic overuse (21)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ABX-01 | Antibiotics in infancy and childhood obesity Bailey LC et al.. JAMA Pediatr 2014 · PMID 25265089 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2014.1539 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-02 | Infant antibiotics and body mass (UK) Trasande L et al.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2013 · PMID 22907693 · DOI 10.1038/ijo.2012.132 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-03 | Antibiotics, gut bacteria and fat in mice Cox LM et al.. Cell 2014 · PMID 25126780 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2014.05.052 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ABX-04 | Infant antibiotics and asthma (UK) Hoskin-Parr L et al.. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2013 · PMID 24299467 · DOI 10.1111/pai.12153 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-05 | Early antibiotics and asthma (US) Risnes KR et al.. Am J Epidemiol 2011 · PMID 21190986 · DOI 10.1093/aje/kwq400 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-06 | Antibiotics and asthma (Canada) Marra F et al.. Pediatrics 2009 · PMID 19255032 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2008-1146 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-07 | Antibiotics and Crohn's disease (meta-analysis) Ungaro R et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2014 · PMID 25223575 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2014.246 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-08 | Childhood antibiotics and IBD (UK) Kronman MP et al.. Pediatrics 2012 · PMID 23008454 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2011-3886 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-09 | Gut bacteria after ciprofloxacin Dethlefsen L & Relman DA. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 · PMID 20847294 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1000087107 | Case series / case report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-10 | Long-term microbiome effects of antibiotics Jakobsson HE et al.. PLoS One 2010 · PMID 20352091 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0009836 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-11 | Antibiotics and the infant gut Yassour M et al.. Sci Transl Med 2016 · PMID 27306663 · DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aad0917 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-12 | Antibiotics and C. difficile Brown KA et al.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2013 · PMID 23478961 · DOI 10.1128/AAC.02176-12 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-13 | Azithromycin and heart deaths Ray WA et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22591294 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003833 | Cohort study | high | correctly reported |
| A-ABX-14 | Quinolones and Achilles tendon rupture van der Linden PD et al.. Arch Intern Med 2003 · PMID 12912715 · DOI 10.1001/archinte.163.15.1801 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-15 | Fluoroquinolones and aortic aneurysm (Taiwan) Lee CC et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2015 · PMID 26436523 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.5389 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-16 | Fluoroquinolones and aortic aneurysm (Sweden) Pasternak B et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29519881 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k678 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-ABX-17 | Antibiotics and breast cancer Velicer CM et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 14970061 · DOI 10.1001/jama.291.7.827 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| A-ABX-18 | Global deaths from antibiotic resistance (2019) Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet 2022 · PMID 35065702 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)02724-0 | Risk assessment | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ABX-19 | Unnecessary antibiotic prescriptions in the US Fleming-Dutra KE et al.. JAMA 2016 · PMID 27139059 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2016.4151 | Cross-sectional study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ABX-20 | Antibiotics and resistance in the individual Costelloe C et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20483949 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c2096 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ABX-21 | Penicillin allergy label and resistant infections Blumenthal KG et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29950489 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k2400 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
Archive rule: bariatric surgery (24)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-BAR-01 | Short-term safety of weight-loss surgery in the US Flum DR et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19641201 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0901836 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-BAR-02 | Swedish study: fewer deaths after weight-loss surgery Sjöström L et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17715408 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa066254 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-03 | Gastric bypass: fewer deaths overall, but more accident and suicide deaths Adams TD et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17715409 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa066603 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-04 | 12 years after gastric bypass Adams TD et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28930514 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1700459 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-05 | Swedish 24-year study: surgery added about 3 years of life Carlsson LMS et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 33053284 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2002449 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-06 | 7 years after bypass or band Courcoulas AP et al.. JAMA Surg 2018 · PMID 29214306 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2017.5025 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-07 | Finnish trial: sleeve vs bypass after 10 years Salminen P et al.. JAMA Surg 2022 · PMID 35731535 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2022.2229 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-08 | Austrian follow-up 10+ years after sleeve Felsenreich DM et al.. Obes Surg 2017 · PMID 28593484 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-017-2748-9 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-09 | Endoscopy 5+ years after sleeve Sebastianelli L et al.. Obes Surg 2019 · PMID 30666544 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-019-03704-y | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-10 | Bowel obstruction after gastric bypass Elms L et al.. Surg Endosc 2014 · PMID 24380988 · DOI 10.1007/s00464-013-3361-1 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-11 | Ulcers after gastric bypass Sverdén E et al.. Ann Surg 2016 · PMID 26106845 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000001300 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-12 | Swedish registry: early complications after bypass Stenberg E et al.. Ann Surg 2014 · PMID 24374541 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000000431 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-BAR-13 | Alcohol problems after weight-loss surgery King WC et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 22710289 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.6147 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-BAR-14 | Alcohol and drugs after surgery King WC et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017 · PMID 28528115 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2017.03.021 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-15 | Self-harm emergencies after surgery in Ontario Bhatti JA et al.. JAMA Surg 2016 · PMID 26444444 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2015.3414 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-BAR-16 | Swedish cohorts: more self-harm after surgery Neovius M et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2018 · PMID 29329975 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(17)30437-0 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-17 | UK: fractures after weight-loss surgery Lalmohamed A et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 22867649 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e5085 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-18 | Bone after gastric bypass: depends on the scanner Yu EW et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2014 · PMID 23929784 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.2063 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-19 | Bones 10 years after bypass Lindeman KG et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2020 · PMID 32663365 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.4112 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-20 | Review: nutrition after weight-loss surgery Lupoli R et al.. World J Diabetes 2017 · PMID 29204255 · DOI 10.4239/wjd.v8.i11.464 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-21 | Review: deficiencies after surgery Bal BS et al.. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2012 · PMID 22525731 · DOI 10.1038/nrendo.2012.48 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-BAR-22 | Pregnancy after weight-loss surgery Johansson K et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 25714159 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1405789 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-BAR-23 | SOS: diabetes after 15 years Sjöström L et al.. JAMA 2014 · PMID 24915261 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.5988 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-BAR-24 | STAMPEDE: surgery vs medicines for diabetes Schauer PR et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28199805 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1600869 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: chemotherapy and radiotherapy (19)
Archive rule: dairy (15)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-DRY-01 | Swedish study: very high milk intake linked to earlier death in women Michaëlsson K et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25352269 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6015 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-02 | Large review links more dairy with slightly more prostate cancer Aune D et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527754 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.067157 | Meta-analysis | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-03 | US doctors who ate most dairy had more prostate cancer Chan JM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 · PMID 11566656 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/74.4.549 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-04 | Hawaii study: heavy milk drinkers had more Parkinson's Park M et al.. Neurology 2005 · PMID 15781824 · DOI 10.1212/01.WNL.0000154532.98495.BF | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-05 | Half a million women: dairy foods not linked to ovarian cancer Genkinger JM et al.. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2006 · PMID 16492930 · DOI 10.1158/1055-9965.EPI-05-0484 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-DRY-06 | Swedish women: high milk linked to one ovarian cancer subtype Larsson SC et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15531686 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.5.1353 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-07 | Nurses recalling high-school diet: milk linked to teenage acne Adebamowo CA et al.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005 · PMID 15692464 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.08.007 | Cross-sectional study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-08 | US girls: more milk, slightly more acne Adebamowo CA et al.. Dermatol Online J 2006 · PMID 17083856 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-09 | US boys: skim milk linked to acne Adebamowo CA et al.. J Am Acad Dermatol 2008 · PMID 18194824 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaad.2007.08.049 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-10 | Small company-funded trial: A2 milk caused fewer stomach complaints Jianqin S et al.. Nutr J 2016 · PMID 27039383 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-016-0147-z | Randomised controlled trial | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-DRY-11 | US cohorts: low-fat milk modestly linked to Parkinson's Hughes KC et al.. Neurology 2017 · PMID 28596209 · DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000004057 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-12 | Large infant trial: avoiding intact cow's milk protein did not prevent type 1 diabetes Writing Group for the TRIGR Study Group et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29297078 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.19826 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not supported by the study |
| A-DRY-13 | Dairy and lymphoma: link only in recall-based studies Wang J et al.. Nutrients 2016 · PMID 26927171 · DOI 10.3390/nu8030120 | Meta-analysis | low | not verifiable |
| A-DRY-14 | Review: milk slightly raises IGF-1, which is linked to prostate cancer Harrison S et al.. Cancer Causes Control 2017 · PMID 28361446 · DOI 10.1007/s10552-017-0883-1 | Systematic review | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-DRY-15 | Review of lab and animal experiments with galactose Umbayev B et al.. Oxid Med Cell Longev 2020 · PMID 32655772 · DOI 10.1155/2020/7145656 | Narrative review | very low | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: farmed fish (22)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-FSH-01 | Pollutants in farmed and wild salmon (2004) Hites RA et al.. Science 2004 · PMID 14716013 · DOI 10.1126/science.1091447 | Measurement / residue study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-02 | Flame retardants in salmon (2004) Hites RA et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2004 · PMID 15506184 · DOI 10.1021/es049548m | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-03 | Where PCBs in farmed salmon come from Carlson DL & Hites RA. Environ Sci Technol 2005 · PMID 16245806 · DOI 10.1021/es048023r | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-04 | How often can salmon be eaten given dioxins? (2005) Foran JA et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2005 · PMID 15866762 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.7626 | Risk assessment | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-05 | Salmon: benefits vs risks (2005) Foran JA et al.. J Nutr 2005 · PMID 16251623 · DOI 10.1093/jn/135.11.2639 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| A-FSH-06 | Fats and pollutants in farmed vs wild salmon (2005) Hamilton MC et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2005 · PMID 16323755 · DOI 10.1021/es050898y | Measurement / residue study | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-07 | US-style fish advisories for salmon (2006) Huang X et al.. Environ Res 2006 · PMID 16198332 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2005.08.011 | Risk assessment | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-FSH-08 | Dioxins in Scottish farmed salmon (1999) Jacobs M et al.. Chemosphere 2002 · PMID 11993634 · DOI 10.1016/s0045-6535(01)00201-6 | Measurement / residue study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-09 | Good and bad fats in common fish (2008) Weaver KL et al.. J Am Diet Assoc 2008 · PMID 18589026 · DOI 10.1016/j.jada.2008.04.023 | Measurement / residue study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-10 | Wild vs farmed tilapia fats (Thailand) Karapanagiotidis IT et al.. J Agric Food Chem 2006 · PMID 16756360 · DOI 10.1021/jf0581877 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-11 | Antibiotics in fish farming and resistance (review) Cabello FC et al.. Environ Microbiol 2013 · PMID 23711078 · DOI 10.1111/1462-2920.12134 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-12 | Fish farming as a route for resistance Cabello FC et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 27083976 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(16)00100-6 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-13 | Antibiotics in US seafood Done HY & Halden RU. J Hazard Mater 2015 · PMID 25449970 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2014.08.075 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-14 | Health risks from aquaculture (review) Sapkota A et al.. Environ Int 2008 · PMID 18565584 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2008.04.009 | Narrative review | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-15 | Sea-lice drug in seabed near salmon farms Bloodworth JW et al.. Sci Total Environ 2019 · PMID 30878944 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2019.02.430 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-FSH-16 | Sea lice resistant to treatment (Canada) Godwin SC et al.. Sci Rep 2022 · PMID 35347162 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-07464-1 | Other | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-FSH-17 | Feed preservatives in farmed fish Lundebye AK et al.. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010 · PMID 20931417 · DOI 10.1080/19440049.2010.508195 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-FSH-18 | Metals in imported pangasius Molognoni L et al.. J Sci Food Agric 2016 · PMID 26439310 · DOI 10.1002/jsfa.7486 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| A-FSH-19 | Does fish farming help wild fish stocks? (2000) Naylor RL et al.. Nature 2000 · PMID 10890435 · DOI 10.1038/35016500 | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-FSH-20 | Mercury in farmed fish (review 2025) de Oliveira Novaes E et al.. Biol Trace Elem Res 2025 · PMID 39715977 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-024-04493-x | Systematic review | low | not supported by the study |
| A-FSH-21 | Pollutants in Norwegian farmed salmon 1999-2011 Nøstbakken OJ et al.. Environ Int 2015 · PMID 25454244 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2014.10.008 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| A-FSH-22 | Pollutants in salmon feed (New Zealand) McMullin RM et al.. Environ Pollut 2022 · PMID 35033615 · DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2022.118853 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: industrially produced chicken (19)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-CHK-01 | Resistant Staphylococcus on US meat Waters AE et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21498385 · DOI 10.1093/cid/cir181 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-02 | Same resistance genes in Dutch chicken and patients Leverstein-van Hall MA et al.. Clin Microbiol Infect 2011 · PMID 21463397 · DOI 10.1111/j.1469-0691.2011.03497.x | Cross-sectional study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-03 | ESBL genes in Dutch chicken meat and people Overdevest I et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2011 · PMID 21762575 · DOI 10.3201/eid1707.110209 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-04 | Arsenic in US chicken from feed drugs Nachman KE et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2013 · PMID 23694900 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1206245 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-05 | Global antibiotic use in farm animals Van Boeckel TP et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2015 · PMID 25792457 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1503141112 | Other | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-06 | Fat content of UK chickens Wang Y et al.. Public Health Nutr 2010 · PMID 19728900 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980009991157 | Other | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-07 | Resistant Campylobacter linked to poultry in the US Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-08 | US ban of fluoroquinolones in poultry Nelson JM et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2007 · PMID 17342653 · DOI 10.1086/512369 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-09 | Carcinogen PhIP in grilled chicken Sinha R et al.. Cancer Res 1995 · PMID 7553619 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-CHK-10 | Meat, cooking mutagens and colorectal cancer Cross AJ et al.. Cancer Res 2010 · PMID 20215514 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-09-3929 | Cohort study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-CHK-11 | Discovery of transferable colistin resistance (mcr-1) in China Liu YY et al.. Lancet Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26603172 · DOI 10.1016/S1473-3099(15)00424-7 | Other | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-CHK-12 | Meat and lymphoma in Europe Rohrmann S et al.. Int J Cancer 2011 · PMID 20473877 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.25387 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-13 | Bird flu H7N9 from market poultry Chen Y et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23623390 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(13)60903-4 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-14 | MRSA in US retail pork O'Brien AM et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 22276147 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0030092 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-CHK-15 | Less resistance on farms that stopped antibiotics Sapkota AR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2011 · PMID 21827979 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1003350 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-16 | Poultry intake and arsenic in US urine Nigra AE et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2017 · PMID 27735790 · DOI 10.1289/EHP351 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-CHK-17 | US Salmonella outbreak from one chicken company Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369 | Outbreak report | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-18 | Pneumonia near Dutch poultry farms Smit LAM et al.. Pneumonia (Nathan) 2017 · PMID 28702305 · DOI 10.1186/s41479-017-0027-0 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-CHK-19 | Urinary infection E. coli genes in Danish chicken and pork Jakobsen L et al.. Int J Food Microbiol 2010 · PMID 20656368 · DOI 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.06.025 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: industrially produced eggs (15)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-EGG-01 | Belgian 1999 feed scandal: dioxins and PCBs in food van Larebeke N et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2001 · PMID 11333188 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.01109265 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-02 | Flame retardants in backyard eggs at a Chinese e-waste site Huang CC et al.. Sci Total Environ 2018 · PMID 29631140 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2018.03.386 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-03 | Dioxins in eggs near a former airbase in Vietnam Nghiem TX et al.. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 2022 · PMID 35037074 · DOI 10.1007/s00128-021-03419-w | Measurement / residue study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-04 | Pollutants in backyard eggs in Tanzania Polder A et al.. Sci Total Environ 2016 · PMID 26897409 · DOI 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2016.02.021 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-05 | Where dioxins in German eggs and meat come from Weber R et al.. Environ Sci Eur 2018 · PMID 30464877 · DOI 10.1186/s12302-018-0166-9 | Narrative review | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-06 | PFAS in Danish organic eggs from fishmeal feed Granby K et al.. Chemosphere 2024 · PMID 37944762 · DOI 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2023.140553 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-07 | Heavy metals in eggs near a Thai gold mine Aendo P et al.. Foods 2022 · PMID 36140919 · DOI 10.3390/foods11182791 | Measurement / residue study | low | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-08 | Metals in chicken and eggs near Indian copper mines Giri S et al.. Arch Environ Occup Health 2019 · PMID 29236582 · DOI 10.1080/19338244.2017.1407284 | Measurement / residue study | low | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-09 | US review: antibiotic residues in poultry and eggs Donoghue DJ. Poult Sci 2003 · PMID 12710482 · DOI 10.1093/ps/82.4.618 | Narrative review | low | not supported by the study |
| A-EGG-10 | Salmonella on New Zealand egg farms Kingsbury JM et al.. J Food Prot 2019 · PMID 31742446 · DOI 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-19-159 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-11 | Eggs and deadly prostate cancer in US men Richman EL et al.. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011 · PMID 21930800 · DOI 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-11-0354 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-12 | Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in six US cohorts Zhong VW et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 30874756 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.1572 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-EGG-13 | Gut bacteria, TMAO and heart risk Tang WH et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23614584 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1109400 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-EGG-14 | Eggs and type 2 diabetes: meta-analysis Djoussé L et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 26739035 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.115.119933 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-EGG-15 | Eggs from pastured vs caged hens Karsten H.D. et al.. Renewable Agriculture and Food Systems 2010 · DOI 10.1017/S1742170509990214 | Other | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
Archive rule: insulin injections (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-INS-01 | Very aggressive blood sugar lowering in high-risk type 2 diabetes Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539917 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-02 | Very tight blood sugar control in intensive care NICE-SUGAR Study Investigators; Finfer S et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19318384 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0810625 | Randomised controlled trial | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-03 | Intensive sugar control in veterans with long diabetes Duckworth W et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19092145 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-04 | German insurance study on glargine and cancer Hemkens LG et al.. Diabetologia 2009 · PMID 19565214 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-009-1418-4 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-05 | Swedish study of glargine and cancer Jonasson JM et al.. Diabetologia 2009 · PMID 19588120 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-009-1444-2 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-06 | Glargine and breast cancer in UK women Suissa S et al.. Diabetologia 2011 · PMID 21614572 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-011-2190-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not verifiable |
| A-INS-07 | Long-term insulin glargine in early diabetes (ORIGIN) ORIGIN Trial Investigators; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22686416 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203858 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-INS-08 | UK database: insulin users vs metformin users Currie CJ et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2013 · PMID 23372169 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2012-3042 | Cohort study | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-09 | Long-term sugar level and survival in type 2 diabetes Currie CJ et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 20110121 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61969-3 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-10 | Higher insulin doses and outcomes Holden SE et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2015 · PMID 25399739 · DOI 10.1111/dom.12412 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-11 | Diabetes drugs and cancer deaths in Canada Bowker SL et al.. Diabetes Care 2006 · PMID 16443869 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.29.02.06.dc05-1558 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-12 | Amount of insulin and cancer deaths Bowker SL et al.. Diabetologia 2010 · PMID 20407744 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-010-1750-8 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-INS-13 | Second drug after metformin: insulin or sulfonylurea Roumie CL et al.. JAMA 2014 · PMID 24915260 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.4312 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-14 | Severe low blood sugar and death in ACCORD Bonds DE et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20061358 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.b4909 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-INS-15 | Severe hypoglycaemia in ADVANCE Zoungas S et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20925543 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003795 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-INS-16 | UKPDS: tablets or insulin for new type 2 diabetes UKPDS Group. Lancet 1998 · PMID 9742976 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-INS-17 | Weight gain with insulin Pontiroli AE et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2011 · PMID 21645195 · DOI 10.1111/j.1463-1326.2011.01433.x | Meta-analysis | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-INS-18 | Intensive insulin in 14 patients Henry RR et al.. Diabetes Care 1993 · PMID 8422777 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.16.1.21 | Case series / case report | very low | correctly reported |
| A-INS-19 | Adding metformin to insulin Wulffelé MG et al.. Diabetes Care 2002 · PMID 12453950 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.25.12.2133 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-INS-20 | Injecting insulin into thickened fat Famulla S et al.. Diabetes Care 2016 · PMID 27411698 · DOI 10.2337/dc16-0610 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-INS-21 | High natural insulin and heart disease Després JP et al.. N Engl J Med 1996 · PMID 8596596 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199604113341504 | Case-control study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-INS-22 | Insulin levels and heart disease: pooled analysis Ruige JB et al.. Circulation 1998 · PMID 9529268 · DOI 10.1161/01.cir.97.10.996 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-INS-23 | Review: obesity and cancer Calle EE et al.. Nat Rev Cancer 2004 · PMID 15286738 · DOI 10.1038/nrc1408 | Narrative review | low | not verifiable |
Archive rule: leafy greens and cucurbits (17)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-VEG-01 | E. coli outbreak from bagged spinach, US 2006 Sharapov UM et al.. J Food Prot 2016 · PMID 28221950 · DOI 10.4315/0362-028X.JFP-15-556 | Outbreak report | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-02 | Source of the 2011 German E. coli outbreak Buchholz U et al.. N Engl J Med 2011 · PMID 22029753 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1106482 | Outbreak report | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-03 | Listeria in packaged salads Self JL et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2019 · PMID 31310227 · DOI 10.3201/eid2508.180761 | Outbreak report | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-04 | Salmonella from cucumbers, US 2014 Angelo KM et al.. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep 2015 · PMID 25695319 | Outbreak report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-05 | Oxalate precursor and kidney crystals in rats Khan SR et al.. J Urol 2007 · PMID 17870111 · DOI 10.1016/j.juro.2007.06.046 | Animal study | low | not supported by the study |
| A-VEG-06 | Kidney damage from green juicing Getting JE et al.. Am J Med 2013 · PMID 23830537 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2013.03.019 | Case series / case report | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-07 | Thyroid crisis after raw bok choy Chu M, Seltzer TF. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20484407 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMc0911005 | Case series / case report | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-08 | Courgette soup poisoning in two babies Savino F et al.. Ann Nutr Metab 2006 · PMID 16809905 · DOI 10.1159/000094301 | Case series / case report | low | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-09 | Bitter zucchini poisoning Jung C et al.. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020 · PMID 32668470 · DOI 10.1055/a-1163-9741 | Case series / case report | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-VEG-10 | Hair loss after squash poisoning Assouly P. JAMA Dermatol 2018 · PMID 29590275 · DOI 10.1001/jamadermatol.2017.6128 | Case series / case report | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-11 | Toxic squash syndrome case Prudhomme N et al.. CJEM 2022 · PMID 35869358 · DOI 10.1007/s43678-022-00358-1 | Case series / case report | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-12 | Melon allergy protein Rodriguez-Perez R et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2003 · PMID 12642849 · DOI 10.1067/mai.2003.74 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-13 | Organic food and children's pesticide levels Lu C et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2006 · PMID 16451864 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.8418 | Other | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-14 | Organic vs conventional diet in preschoolers Curl CL et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2003 · PMID 12611667 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.5754 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-VEG-15 | BMJ editorial on lectins Freed DL. BMJ 1999 · PMID 10205084 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.318.7190.1023 | Narrative review | very low | not verifiable |
| A-VEG-16 | Cellulose-digesting gut bacteria Moraïs S et al.. Science 2024 · PMID 38484069 · DOI 10.1126/science.adj9223 | Other | high | taken out of context |
| A-VEG-17 | Vitamin K foods and warfarin Violi F et al.. Medicine (Baltimore) 2016 · PMID 26962786 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000002895 | Systematic review | low | not supported by the study |
Archive rule: legumes (14)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-LEG-01 | NEJM review on favism Luzzatto L, Arese P. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29298156 · DOI 10.1056/nejmra1708111 | Narrative review | moderate | not verifiable |
| A-LEG-02 | Lancet review on G6PD deficiency Cappellini MD, Fiorelli G. Lancet 2008 · PMID 18177777 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(08)60073-2 | Narrative review | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-03 | Raw kidney bean poisoning in the UK Rodhouse JC et al.. Epidemiol Infect 1990 · PMID 2249712 · DOI 10.1017/s095026880004810x | Outbreak report | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-LEG-04 | Review on plant lectin toxicity Vasconcelos IM, Oliveira JT. Toxicon 2004 · PMID 15302522 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxicon.2004.05.005 | Narrative review | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-LEG-05 | Iron absorption from different diets Hurrell R, Egli I. Am J Clin Nutr 2010 · PMID 20200263 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2010.28674F | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-06 | Minerals from legumes Sandberg AS. Br J Nutr 2002 · PMID 12498628 · DOI 10.1079/BJN/2002718 | Narrative review | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-07 | Soy formula and infant plant-oestrogen levels Setchell KD et al.. Lancet 1997 · PMID 9217716 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(96)09480-9 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-08 | Soy and the thyroid Doerge DR, Sheehan DM. Environ Health Perspect 2002 · PMID 12060828 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.02110s3349 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| A-LEG-09 | Soy formula and gene marks in baby girls Harlid S et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2017 · PMID 27539829 · DOI 10.1289/EHP428 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| A-LEG-10 | Low-FODMAP diet in irritable bowel Halmos EP et al.. Gastroenterology 2014 · PMID 24076059 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2013.09.046 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-LEG-11 | Deaths from food allergy in the US Bock SA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2001 · PMID 11150011 · DOI 10.1067/mai.2001.112031 | Case series / case report | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-LEG-12 | Further US food-allergy deaths Bock SA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2007 · PMID 17306354 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2006.12.622 | Case series / case report | low | not verifiable |
| A-LEG-13 | Peanut and lupin cross-allergy Moneret-Vautrin DA et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1999 · PMID 10518837 · DOI 10.1016/s0091-6749(99)70303-9 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-LEG-14 | How often food allergy kills Umasunthar T et al.. Clin Exp Allergy 2013 · PMID 24118190 · DOI 10.1111/cea.12211 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
Archive rule: diabetes medicines (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ODD-01 | Rosiglitazone and heart attacks: pooled trials Nissen SE et al.. N Engl J Med 2007 · PMID 17517853 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa072761 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-02 | Rosiglitazone and heart failure (RECORD) Komajda M et al.. Eur Heart J 2010 · PMID 20118174 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehp604 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-03 | Pioglitazone and bladder cancer Tuccori M et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27029385 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i1541 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-04 | Metformin and vitamin B12 de Jager J et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20488910 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c2181 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-ODD-05 | Metformin and B12 in US survey Reinstatler L et al.. Diabetes Care 2012 · PMID 22179958 · DOI 10.2337/dc11-1582 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-ODD-06 | Metformin and B12 over 13 years Aroda VR et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 · PMID 26900641 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2015-3754 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-07 | Sulfonylurea vs metformin as first drug Roumie CL et al.. Ann Intern Med 2012 · PMID 23128859 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-157-9-201211060-00003 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-08 | Saxagliptin heart safety trial Scirica BM et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23992601 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1307684 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-09 | Canagliflozin heart and kidney trials (CANVAS) Neal B et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28605608 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1611925 | Randomised controlled trial | high | taken out of context |
| A-ODD-10 | Ketoacidosis with canagliflozin Erondu N et al.. Diabetes Care 2015 · PMID 26203064 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-1251 | Other | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-11 | Ketoacidosis after starting SGLT2 drugs (letter) Fralick M et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28591538 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMc1701990 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-ODD-12 | Fournier gangrene reports with SGLT2 drugs Bersoff-Matcha SJ et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31060053 · DOI 10.7326/M19-0085 | Case series / case report | very low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ODD-13 | Canagliflozin and fractures Watts NB et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2016 · PMID 26580237 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2015-3167 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ODD-14 | GLP-1 drugs and pancreatitis in US claims Singh S et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2013 · PMID 23440284 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2720 | Case-control study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-15 | Stomach and bowel side effects of weight-loss injections Sodhi M et al.. JAMA 2023 · PMID 37796527 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.19574 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-ODD-16 | Semaglutide and optic nerve stroke Hathaway JT et al.. JAMA Ophthalmol 2024 · PMID 38958939 · DOI 10.1001/jamaophthalmol.2024.2296 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-17 | Very aggressive blood sugar lowering in high-risk type 2 diabetes Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes Study Group; Gerstein HC et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539917 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802743 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ODD-18 | Intensive sugar control in veterans with long diabetes Duckworth W et al.. N Engl J Med 2009 · PMID 19092145 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0808431 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
Archive rule: dietary supplements (30)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-SUP-01 | Calcium pills and heart attacks Bolland MJ et al.. BMJ 2010 · PMID 20671013 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.c3691 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-02 | Calcium + vitamin D and heart attacks (WHI reanalysis) Bolland MJ et al.. BMJ 2011 · PMID 21505219 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.d2040 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-03 | High-dose vitamin E and mortality Miller ER et al.. Ann Intern Med 2005 · PMID 15537682 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-142-1-200501040-00110 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-04 | CARET: beta-carotene and vitamin A raised lung cancer in smokers Omenn GS et al.. N Engl J Med 1996 · PMID 8602180 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199605023341802 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-05 | ATBC: beta-carotene raised lung cancer in Finnish smokers ATBC Study Group. N Engl J Med 1994 · PMID 8127329 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199404143301501 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-06 | Supplements and mortality in older women Mursu J et al.. Arch Intern Med 2011 · PMID 21987192 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2011.445 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-07 | Low-dose omega-3 after heart attack Kromhout D et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20929341 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1003603 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-08 | VITAL: fish oil in healthy adults Manson JE et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415637 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1811403 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-09 | ASCEND: fish oil in diabetes ASCEND Study Collaborative Group et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 30146932 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1804989 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-10 | STRENGTH: high-dose omega-3 Nicholls SJ et al.. JAMA 2020 · PMID 33190147 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2020.22258 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-11 | Fish oil and atrial fibrillation Gencer B et al.. Circulation 2021 · PMID 34612056 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055654 | Meta-analysis | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-12 | Cochrane: omega-3 and heart health Abdelhamid AS et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32114706 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003177.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-13 | Glucosamine for knee pain (GAIT) Clegg DO et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16495392 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa052771 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-14 | Vitamin C pills and kidney stones Thomas LD et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2013 · PMID 23381591 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.2296 | Cohort study | low | not verifiable |
| A-SUP-15 | Selenium and diabetes Stranges S et al.. Ann Intern Med 2007 · PMID 17620655 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-147-4-200708210-00175 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-16 | Vitamin A and hip fractures Feskanich D et al.. JAMA 2002 · PMID 11754708 · DOI 10.1001/jama.287.1.47 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-17 | Folic acid and bowel polyps Cole BF et al.. JAMA 2007 · PMID 17551129 · DOI 10.1001/jama.297.21.2351 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-18 | Folic acid + B12 and cancer in Norway Ebbing M et al.. JAMA 2009 · PMID 19920236 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2009.1622 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SUP-19 | HOPE-2: B vitamins in vascular disease Lonn E et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16531613 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa060900 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-20 | Yearly vitamin D mega-dose Sanders KM et al.. JAMA 2010 · PMID 20460620 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2010.594 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-21 | High monthly vitamin D and falls Bischoff-Ferrari HA et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2016 · PMID 26747333 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2015.7148 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-22 | VITAL: vitamin D for prevention Manson JE et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415629 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1809944 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-23 | SELECT: vitamin E and prostate cancer Klein EA et al.. JAMA 2011 · PMID 21990298 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2011.1437 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-24 | Antioxidant pills and mortality Bjelakovic G et al.. JAMA 2007 · PMID 17327526 · DOI 10.1001/jama.297.8.842 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SUP-25 | PHS II: multivitamins and heart disease Sesso HD et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 23117775 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.14805 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-26 | Multivitamins and death – trials Macpherson H et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23255568 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.049304 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-27 | Multivitamins and memory Grodstein F et al.. Ann Intern Med 2013 · PMID 24490265 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00006 | Randomised controlled trial | high | correctly reported |
| A-SUP-28 | Editorial against supplements Guallar E et al.. Ann Intern Med 2013 · PMID 24490268 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-12-201312170-00011 | Other | very low | not verifiable |
| A-SUP-29 | Vitamins and heart disease – overview Jenkins DJA et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018 · PMID 29852980 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2018.04.020 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-SUP-30 | USPSTF 2022: vitamins for prevention US Preventive Services Task Force et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35727271 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.8970 | Guideline / position statement | high | correctly reported |
Archive rule: white flour (18)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-WHT-01 | Very high refined-grain intake and death/heart disease in 21 countries Swaminathan S et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33536317 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4948 | Cohort study | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-02 | Whole grains and lower risk of heart disease and death Aune D et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27301975 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i2716 | Meta-analysis | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-03 | White rice and type 2 diabetes Hu EA et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 22422870 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e1454 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| A-WHT-04 | Whole grains, not refined grains, linked to diabetes risk Aune D et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2013 · PMID 24158434 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-013-9852-5 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-05 | Glycaemic load and heart disease in US nurses Liu S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2000 · PMID 10837285 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/71.6.1455 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-06 | Glycaemic load and an inflammation marker Liu S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 · PMID 11864854 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/75.3.492 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-07 | Fast-acting carbohydrate diets and diabetes Bhupathiraju SN et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24787496 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.079533 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-WHT-08 | Glycaemic load and heart disease in Italy Sieri S et al.. Arch Intern Med 2010 · PMID 20386010 · DOI 10.1001/archinternmed.2010.15 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-09 | Grains and belly fat McKeown NM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2010 · PMID 20881074 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2009.29106 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-WHT-10 | White bread and overweight in Spain de la Fuente-Arrillaga C et al.. BMC Public Health 2014 · PMID 25335643 · DOI 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1091 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-11 | Grains and metabolic syndrome Guo H et al.. Front Nutr 2021 · PMID 34277690 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2021.695620 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-12 | Whole grains and metabolic markers McKeown NM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2002 · PMID 12145012 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/76.2.390 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-WHT-13 | Whole grain and bran and diabetes de Munter JS et al.. PLoS Med 2007 · PMID 17760498 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.0040261 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-WHT-14 | Cereal fibre and diabetes in Europe InterAct Consortium. Diabetologia 2015 · PMID 26021487 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-015-3585-9 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-WHT-15 | GI, fibre and diabetes in young women Schulze MB et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15277155 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/80.2.348 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-WHT-16 | Gluten protein and gut tissue in the lab Drago S et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2006 · PMID 16635908 · DOI 10.1080/00365520500235334 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-WHT-17 | How gluten protein binds gut cells Lammers KM et al.. Gastroenterology 2008 · PMID 18485912 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2008.03.023 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not supported by the study |
| A-WHT-18 | White rice and diabetes, heart disease, cancer Lai H et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 · PMID 35852223 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2022.2101984 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
Archive rule: soft drinks (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-SOD-01 | Sugary drinks and diabetes risk: pooled cohorts Malik VS et al.. Diabetes Care 2010 · PMID 20693348 · DOI 10.2337/dc10-1079 | Meta-analysis | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-02 | Diet soda, stroke and dementia in Framingham Pase MP et al.. Stroke 2017 · PMID 28428346 · DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.116.016027 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-03 | Cola and bone density in older women Tucker KL et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2006 · PMID 17023723 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/84.4.936 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-04 | Sugary drinks and child obesity Ludwig DS et al.. Lancet 2001 · PMID 11229668 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(00)04041-1 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-05 | Sugary and diet drinks and death in 118,000 US adults Malik VS et al.. Circulation 2019 · PMID 30882235 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.037401 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-06 | Soft drinks and gout in men Choi HK, Curhan G. BMJ 2008 · PMID 18244959 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.39449.819271.BE | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-07 | Fructose vs glucose drinks for 10 weeks Stanhope KL et al.. J Clin Invest 2009 · PMID 19381015 · DOI 10.1172/JCI37385 | Other | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-08 | Sugary drinks, diet drinks, juice and diabetes Imamura F et al.. BMJ 2015 · PMID 26199070 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h3576 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-SOD-09 | Sweeteners, gut bacteria and blood sugar Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-SOD-10 | Sugary drinks, weight and diabetes in 91,000 women Schulze MB et al.. JAMA 2004 · PMID 15328324 · DOI 10.1001/jama.292.8.927 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-SOD-11 | Added sugar and children's heart health Vos MB et al.. Circulation 2017 · PMID 27550974 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000439 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-12 | Sugary drinks and fatty liver Ma J et al.. J Hepatol 2015 · PMID 26055949 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2015.03.032 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-13 | Cola and kidney disease Saldana TM et al.. Epidemiology 2007 · PMID 17525693 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3180646338 | Case-control study | low | taken out of context |
| A-SOD-14 | Sweetened drinks and heart disease in men de Koning L et al.. Circulation 2012 · PMID 22412070 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.111.067017 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-15 | Sugary drinks and heart disease in women Fung TT et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2009 · PMID 19211821 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.2008.27140 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-16 | Added sugar and heart deaths in the US Yang Q et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2014 · PMID 24493081 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2013.13563 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-17 | Soft drinks and death in 10 European countries Mullee A et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31479109 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2478 | Cohort study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-SOD-18 | Cutting sugary drinks and blood pressure Chen L et al.. Circulation 2010 · PMID 20497980 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.109.911164 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-SOD-19 | Sugary drinks and teeth Valenzuela MJ et al.. Eur J Public Health 2021 · PMID 32830237 · DOI 10.1093/eurpub/ckaa147 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-20 | Sugary drinks and weight gain: meta-analysis Malik VS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23966427 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.058362 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| A-SOD-21 | Soda calories vs jelly-bean calories DiMeglio DP, Mattes RD. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10878689 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801229 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-22 | High-fructose corn syrup and US obesity trends Bray GA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2004 · PMID 15051594 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/79.4.537 | Ecological study | very low | not applicable |
| A-SOD-23 | Sweetened drinks dose-response Qin P et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2020 · PMID 32529512 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-020-00655-y | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
Archive rule: ultra-processed foods (23)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-UPF-01 | Ultra-processed vs unprocessed diet in hospital Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2019 · PMID 31105044 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2019.05.008 | Randomised controlled trial | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-02 | Ultra-processed food and death in France Schnabel L et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2019 · PMID 30742202 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.7289 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-03 | Ultra-processed food and death in Spanish graduates Rico-Campà A et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31142450 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1949 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-04 | Ultra-processed food and heart disease in France Srour B et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31142457 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l1451 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-05 | Ultra-processed food and type 2 diabetes in France Srour B et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2020 · PMID 31841598 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.5942 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-06 | Ultra-processed food and cancer in France Fiolet T et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29444771 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k322 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-07 | Ultra-processed food and death in Italy Bonaccio M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 33333551 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa299 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-08 | Ultra-processed food and weight gain in Spain Mendonça RD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2016 · PMID 27733404 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.116.135004 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-09 | Ultra-processed food and BMI in France Beslay M et al.. PLoS Med 2020 · PMID 32853224 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003256 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-10 | Ultra-processed food and body fat in children Costa CS et al.. Public Health Nutr 2018 · PMID 28676132 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980017001331 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| A-UPF-11 | Ultra-processed food and depressive symptoms Adjibade M et al.. BMC Med 2019 · PMID 30982472 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-019-1312-y | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-12 | Ultra-processed food and inflammatory bowel disease in 21 countries Narula N et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34261638 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.n1554 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-13 | Umbrella review: ultra-processed food and health Lane MM et al.. BMJ 2024 · PMID 38418082 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2023-077310 | Systematic review | high | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-UPF-14 | Ultra-processed food and health: meta-analysis Pagliai G et al.. Br J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32792031 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114520002688 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-15 | Emulsifiers and gut inflammation in mice Chassaing B et al.. Nature 2015 · PMID 25731162 · DOI 10.1038/nature14232 | Animal study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-UPF-16 | Emulsifier CMC in a small human trial Chassaing B et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 34774538 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.11.006 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-17 | Sweeteners and gut bacteria (duplicate) Suez J et al.. Nature 2014 · PMID 25231862 · DOI 10.1038/nature13793 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-18 | Artificial sweeteners and cancer in France Debras C et al.. PLoS Med 2022 · PMID 35324894 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1003950 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-19 | Artificial sweeteners and heart disease in France Debras C et al.. BMJ 2022 · PMID 36638072 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071204 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-UPF-20 | IARC on aspartame Riboli E et al.. Lancet Oncol 2023 · PMID 37454664 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(23)00341-8 | Risk assessment | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-UPF-21 | EFSA: titanium dioxide no longer safe EFSA FAF Panel et al.. EFSA J 2021 · PMID 33976718 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2021.6585 | Risk assessment | high | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-22 | What are ultra-processed foods? Monteiro CA et al.. Public Health Nutr 2019 · PMID 30744710 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980018003762 | Narrative review | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-UPF-23 | Trans fats and heart disease (review) Mozaffarian D et al.. N Engl J Med 2006 · PMID 16611951 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMra054035 | Narrative review | moderate | not verifiable |
Archive rule: organ removal (20)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-ORG-01 | Danish children: tonsil/adenoid removal and later illness Byars SG et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2018 · PMID 29879264 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2018.0614 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-02 | Sweden: autoimmune diseases after tonsil removal Ji J et al.. J Autoimmun 2016 · PMID 27344241 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaut.2016.06.007 | Cohort study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-03 | Trial: tonsil/adenoid surgery for children with sleep apnea Marcus CL et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23692173 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1215881 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| A-ORG-04 | Appendix removal and ulcerative colitis Andersson RE et al.. N Engl J Med 2001 · PMID 11248156 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM200103153441104 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-05 | Appendix removal and bowel cancer Song H et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 26959234 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0151262 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-06 | Gallbladder removal and bowel cancer Lagergren J et al.. Gastroenterology 2001 · PMID 11522737 · DOI 10.1053/gast.2001.27083 | Cohort study | low | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-07 | Editorial: gallbladder removal and fatty liver Nervi F et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23735917 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2013.84 | Other | very low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-08 | Gut bacteria overgrowth after gallbladder removal Sung HJ et al.. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2015 · PMID 26351251 · DOI 10.5056/jnm15020 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-09 | Diarrhoea after gallbladder removal Farrugia A et al.. BMJ Open 2022 · PMID 35177439 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2020-046172 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| A-ORG-10 | Hysterectomy and heart disease in Sweden Ingelsson E et al.. Eur Heart J 2011 · PMID 21186237 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehq477 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-11 | Hysterectomy with ovaries kept Laughlin-Tommaso SK et al.. Menopause 2018 · PMID 29286988 · DOI 10.1097/GME.0000000000001043 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-12 | UK: hysterectomy and death risk Iversen L et al.. BMJ 2005 · PMID 15930026 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38483.669178.8F | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-13 | Nurses' Health Study: removing both ovaries at hysterectomy Parker WH et al.. Obstet Gynecol 2013 · PMID 23635669 · DOI 10.1097/AOG.0b013e3182864350 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| A-ORG-14 | Ovary removal before menopause and dementia Rocca WA et al.. Neurology 2007 · PMID 17761551 · DOI 10.1212/01.wnl.0000276984.19542.e6 | Cohort study | moderate | correctly reported |
| A-ORG-15 | Ovary removal and chronic diseases Rocca WA et al.. Mayo Clin Proc 2016 · PMID 27693001 · DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2016.08.002 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-16 | Long-term risks after spleen removal in US veterans Kristinsson SY et al.. Haematologica 2014 · PMID 24056815 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2013.092460 | Cohort study | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-17 | Denmark: heart and lung risks after spleen removal Rørholt M et al.. Haematologica 2017 · PMID 28572164 · DOI 10.3324/haematol.2016.157008 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| A-ORG-18 | Severe infections without a spleen Chong J et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2017 · PMID 27776576 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268816002405 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| A-ORG-19 | US thyroid cancer: more diagnoses, same deaths Davies L et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2014 · PMID 24557566 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2014.1 | Ecological study | high | essentially correct but incomplete |
| A-ORG-20 | Why some people on thyroid hormone still feel unwell Perros P et al.. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2023 · PMID 33783849 · DOI 10.1111/cen.14473 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
independent cross-check (1,125)
| ID | Overview | Study design | Methodological quality | Adequacy of the interpretation (by the archive) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| A-FOOD-01 | Whole-diet glycaemic load and diabetes Livesey G et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2013 · PMID 23364021 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.112.041467 | Meta-analysis | high | taken out of context |
| A-FOOD-02 | Glycaemic index/load of the diet and chronic disease Barclay AW et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2008 · PMID 18326601 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/87.3.627 | Meta-analysis | moderate | taken out of context |
| I-ABX-01 | Antibiotic resistance deaths 1990-2050 GBD 2021 Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet 2024 · PMID 39299261 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)01867-1 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-02 | Antibiotic resistance in the Eastern Mediterranean EMR Antimicrobial Resistance Collaborators. Lancet Public Health 2025 · PMID 41082884 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-2667(25)00201-4 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-03 | Antibiotics and asthma: sibling comparison (Sweden) Örtqvist AK et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 25432937 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g6979 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-04 | Early antibiotics and childhood overweight (meta-analysis 2023) Chagas AP et al.. Obes Res Clin Pract 2023 · PMID 37573229 · DOI 10.1016/j.orcp.2023.07.001 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-05 | Infant antibiotics and overweight (meta-analysis 2018) Rasmussen SH et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018 · PMID 29359849 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13230 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-06 | Antibiotics and IBD in adults (Sweden) Nguyen LH et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 · PMID 32818437 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30267-3 | Case-control study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-07 | Faster antibiotics in sepsis save lives Seymour CW et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28528569 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1703058 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-08 | Antibiotic timing in septic shock Kumar A et al.. Crit Care Med 2006 · PMID 16625125 · DOI 10.1097/01.CCM.0000217961.75225.E9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-09 | Antibiotics for children's ear infections (Cochrane 2023) Venekamp RP et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 · PMID 37965923 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD000219.pub5 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-10 | Pelvic inflammatory disease: management Curry A et al.. Am Fam Physician 2019 · PMID 31524362 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-101 | Many mild chest, ear and throat infections can be managed without immediate antibiotics Spurling GK et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2023 · PMID 37791590 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004417.pub6 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-102 | Antibiotics help children with pneumonia Gadapani Pathak B et al.. J Glob Health 2026 · PMID 42725565 · DOI 10.7189/jogh.16.04209 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-103 | In sepsis, antibiotics given early save lives Ku NS et al.. Korean J Intern Med 2025 · PMID 40859809 · DOI 10.3904/kjim.2025.037 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-104 | International sepsis guideline: give antibiotics immediately Evans L et al.. Intensive Care Med 2021 · PMID 34599691 · DOI 10.1007/s00134-021-06506-y | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-105 | WHO: use the right antibiotic when needed, avoid overuse World Health Organization. WHO publication 2022 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-106 | US guideline: gonorrhoea is cured with one antibiotic injection Workowski KA et al.. MMWR Recomm Rep 2021 · PMID 34292926 · DOI 10.15585/mmwr.rr7004a1 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-107 | WHO gonorrhoea guideline (2024) World Health Organization. WHO publication 2024 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-108 | Untreated throat gonorrhoea lasts about 4 months Barbee LA et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2021 · PMID 33513222 · DOI 10.1093/cid/ciab071 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-109 | Gonorrhoea in young women does not fade quickly Stupiansky NW et al.. Sex Transm Dis 2011 · PMID 21317686 · DOI 10.1097/OLQ.0b013e31820ff9a4 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-11 | Antibiotics and vaginal thrush Xu J & Sobel JD. Curr Infect Dis Rep 2003 · PMID 14642189 · DOI 10.1007/s11908-003-0091-x | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-ABX-110 | Antibiotics in babies linked to very slightly higher weight at age 5 Block JP et al.. Pediatrics 2018 · PMID 30381474 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2018-0290 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-111 | Antibiotics helped children in poorer countries grow Gough EK et al.. BMJ 2014 · PMID 24735883 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.g2267 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-112 | Twin study finds no link between baby antibiotics and overweight Feil RS et al.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2026 · PMID 42457938 · DOI 10.1038/s41366-026-02164-6 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-113 | Early antibiotics linked to slightly more childhood obesity Ainonen S et al.. Pediatr Res 2026 · PMID 41792341 · DOI 10.1038/s41390-026-04841-8 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-114 | Danish siblings: early antibiotics not linked to overweight, weakly to asthma Brandt S et al.. BMJ Med 2025 · PMID 40519361 · DOI 10.1136/bmjmed-2024-001064 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-115 | Infant antibiotics linked to childhood asthma, less so after accounting for bias Zhang Z et al.. World Allergy Organ J 2021 · PMID 34934469 · DOI 10.1016/j.waojou.2021.100607 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-116 | Gut bacteria mostly recover after antibiotics, but some species stay missing Palleja A et al.. Nat Microbiol 2018 · PMID 30349083 · DOI 10.1038/s41564-018-0257-9 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-117 | Review: antibiotics change gut bacteria, sometimes for years Zimmermann P & Curtis N. J Infect 2019 · PMID 31629863 · DOI 10.1016/j.jinf.2019.10.008 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-118 | Childhood antibiotics linked to later Crohn's disease Størdal K et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2026 · PMID 41617205 · DOI 10.1093/ibd/izaf324 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-119 | Infant antibiotics linked to later IBD, not explained by infections Mårild K et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2025 · PMID 39450871 · DOI 10.1111/apt.18358 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-120 | Danish study: azithromycin not linked to heart deaths in younger adults Svanström H et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23635050 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1300799 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-121 | Pooled studies: macrolides not linked to cardiac death overall Gorelik E et al.. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 2018 · PMID 29610207 · DOI 10.1128/AAC.00438-18 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-122 | Fluoroquinolones raise tendon injury risk Alves C et al.. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2019 · PMID 31270563 · DOI 10.1007/s00228-019-02713-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-123 | UK study finds no aortic risk from fluoroquinolones after fair comparison Brown JP et al.. JAMA Cardiol 2023 · PMID 37585175 · DOI 10.1001/jamacardio.2023.2418 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-124 | International study: no aortic risk from fluoroquinolones for urinary infections Janetzki JL et al.. EClinicalMedicine 2025 · PMID 39975698 · DOI 10.1016/j.eclinm.2025.103096 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-125 | Antibiotic use and breast cancer: weak, uncertain link Sergentanis TN et al.. Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf 2010 · PMID 20845408 · DOI 10.1002/pds.1986 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-126 | UK study: antibiotics not linked to breast cancer García Rodríguez LA et al.. Am J Epidemiol 2005 · PMID 15781950 · DOI 10.1093/aje/kwi087 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-127 | Very long antibiotic use slightly linked to breast cancer in Korea Hong J et al.. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2025 · PMID 39648494 · DOI 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-24-0154 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-128 | About 1 in 4 women got thrush after antibiotics Pirotta M et al.. BMJ 2004 · PMID 15333452 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38210.494977.DE | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-129 | CDC: 1 in 3 US outpatient antibiotic prescriptions unnecessary Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. CDC Online Newsroom (archived) 2016 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-130 | About a quarter of US antibiotic fills were inappropriate in 2016 Chua KP et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 30651273 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k5092 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-131 | Egyptian private clinics prescribe antibiotics in 4 of 5 infection visits Nguyen N et al.. BMJ Glob Health 2026 · PMID 42097706 · DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2025-021139 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ABX-132 | HIV killed about 864,000 people in 2019 (GBD) GBD 2019 HIV Collaborators. Lancet HIV 2021 · PMID 34592142 · DOI 10.1016/S2352-3018(21)00152-1 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-ABX-133 | Malaria killed about 643,000 people in 2019 (GBD) Shi D et al.. Risk Manag Healthc Policy 2023 · PMID 37396933 · DOI 10.2147/RMHP.S419616 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-AUTO-101 | Stopping hydroxychloroquine in lupus Canadian Hydroxychloroquine Study Group. N Engl J Med 1991 · PMID 1984192 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199101173240303 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-AUTO-102 | Drugs for relapsing multiple sclerosis Gonzalez-Lorenzo M et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024 · PMID 38174776 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011381.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-AUTO-103 | European MS treatment guideline Montalban X et al.. Mult Scler 2018 · PMID 29353550 · DOI 10.1177/1352458517751049 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-AUTO-104 | Diet and inflammation markers in MS Pingel WR et al.. Mult Scler Relat Disord 2026 · PMID 41422672 · DOI 10.1016/j.msard.2025.106913 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-01 | Meta-analysis: weight-loss surgery and survival Syn NL et al.. Lancet 2021 · PMID 33965067 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(21)00591-2 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-02 | Diabetes 12 years after randomized surgery vs medicine Courcoulas AP et al.. JAMA 2024 · PMID 38411644 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2024.0318 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-03 | Italian 10-year diabetes surgery trial Mingrone G et al.. Lancet 2021 · PMID 33485454 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)32649-0 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-04 | Meta-analysis: Barrett's after sleeve Chandan S et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025 · PMID 39059544 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2024.06.041 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-05 | Swiss trial: sleeve vs bypass Peterli R et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29340679 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.20897 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-06 | Meta-analysis: self-harm after surgery Castaneda D et al.. Obes Surg 2019 · PMID 30343409 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-018-3493-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-07 | Fractures after weight-loss surgery in Quebec Rousseau C et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27814663 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i3794 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-08 | Swedish study: fractures after gastric bypass Axelsson KF et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2018 · PMID 30011091 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.3553 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-09 | US guideline on nutrition after weight-loss surgery Mechanick JI et al.. Endocr Pract 2019 · PMID 31682518 · DOI 10.4158/GL-2019-0406 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-10 | Body weight and death risk worldwide Global BMI Mortality Collaboration. Lancet 2016 · PMID 27423262 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)30175-1 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-101 | Israeli study: deaths after sleeve, bypass and banding vs usual care Reges et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29340677 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.20513 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-102 | US study: survival after sleeve and bypass Courcoulas et al.. Ann Surg 2023 · PMID 34387200 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005155 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-103 | How often people die from weight-loss surgery itself Robertson et al.. Br J Surg 2021 · PMID 34297806 · DOI 10.1093/bjs/znab245 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-104 | Nordic study: survival after obesity surgery Kauppila et al.. Gastroenterology 2019 · PMID 30940524 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.03.048 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-105 | Egyptian surgeon series: early safety of sleeve El Masry et al.. World J Surg 2023 · PMID 37548678 · DOI 10.1007/s00268-023-07123-0 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-106 | 40-year Utah study: deaths after weight-loss surgery Adams et al.. Obesity (Silver Spring) 2023 · PMID 36695060 · DOI 10.1002/oby.23646 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-107 | UK NICE guideline on obesity surgery NICE. National Institute for Health and Care Excellence 2025 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-109 | Meta-analysis: reflux after sleeve Yeung et al.. Ann Surg 2020 · PMID 30921053 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003275 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-11 | When is weight-loss surgery recommended? Eisenberg D et al.. Obes Surg 2023 · PMID 36336720 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-022-06332-1 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-110 | Meta-analysis: reflux 4+ years after sleeve Hajibandeh et al.. Curr Obes Rep 2023 · PMID 37535236 · DOI 10.1007/s13679-023-00521-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-111 | How often severe gullet inflammation follows sleeve Alqasem et al.. Obes Surg 2026 · PMID 41964778 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-026-08605-5 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-112 | How often reflux disease develops after sleeve Trujillo et al.. Obes Surg 2024 · PMID 38483740 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-024-07163-y | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-113 | International experts on reflux and sleeve Assalia et al.. Obes Surg 2020 · PMID 32533520 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-020-04749-0 | Guideline / position statement | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-114 | International society statement on endoscopy and Barrett Brown et al.. Obes Surg 2025 · PMID 41108366 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-025-08206-8 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-115 | Sleeve vs a weight-loss drug: Barrett changes Butt et al.. Ann Gastroenterol 2026 · PMID 42164611 · DOI 10.20524/aog.2026.1058 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-116 | Norwegian trial: bypass vs sleeve in type 2 diabetes Wågen Hauge et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2025 · PMID 40185112 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00396-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-117 | French national study: oesophageal cancer after sleeve vs bypass Lazzati et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2025 · PMID 39799019 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2024.12.002 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-118 | US study: cancer after weight-loss surgery Aminian et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35657620 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2022.9009 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-119 | Meta-analysis: upper digestive cancers after weight-loss surgery Cooke et al.. BJS Open 2025 · PMID 41947341 · DOI 10.1093/bjsopen/zrag006 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-12 | Preventing gallstones after weight-loss surgery Mulliri A et al.. J Gastroenterol 2022 · PMID 35704084 · DOI 10.1007/s00535-022-01886-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-120 | Meta-analysis: anaemia after sleeve Nie et al.. Obes Rev 2023 · PMID 36323610 · DOI 10.1111/obr.13516 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-121 | Trials comparing bypass and sleeve: vitamin and iron deficiency Kwon et al.. Obes Rev 2022 · PMID 35048495 · DOI 10.1111/obr.13419 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-122 | American guideline on vitamins after weight-loss surgery Parrott et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2017 · PMID 28392254 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2016.12.018 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-123 | French study: broken bones after obesity surgery Paccou et al.. J Bone Miner Res 2020 · PMID 32187759 · DOI 10.1002/jbmr.4012 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-124 | Meta-analysis: fractures by type of operation Saad et al.. Osteoporos Int 2022 · PMID 34988627 · DOI 10.1007/s00198-021-06206-9 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-125 | Meta-analysis: bone density after sleeve Jaruvongvanich et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2019 · PMID 31311755 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2019.06.006 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-126 | Trial: bone after bypass vs sleeve Hofsø et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021 · PMID 33150385 · DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgaa808 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-127 | Swedish 25-year study: alcohol problems after obesity surgery Sjöholm et al.. Br J Surg 2025 · PMID 41066138 · DOI 10.1093/bjs/znaf211 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-128 | Meta-analysis: suicide after weight-loss surgery Cui et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2025 · PMID 39516067 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2024.10.014 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-129 | US veterans: suicidal thoughts and attempts after surgery Hung et al.. Ann Surg 2023 · PMID 36805965 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000005825 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-130 | Meta-analysis: new alcohol problems after surgery Cheloff et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2026 · PMID 42191444 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2026.03.030 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-131 | Meta-analysis: diabetes returning after bypass Yu et al.. Obes Surg 2021 · PMID 34505971 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-021-05692-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-132 | Network meta-analysis of trials: surgery vs medicines for diabetes De Luca et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2023 · PMID 37272316 · DOI 10.1111/dom.15117 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-133 | Meta-analysis: eye and kidney damage in diabetes after surgery Obeso-Fernández et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2023 · PMID 37169666 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2023.02.024 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-134 | US study: diabetes 5 years after bypass vs sleeve McTigue et al.. JAMA Surg 2020 · PMID 32129809 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2020.0087 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-135 | Meta-analysis: survival after sleeve vs bypass Sakurai et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2025 · PMID 39732586 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2024.11.016 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-136 | Egyptian trial: gallstones after obesity surgery Talha et al.. Surg Endosc 2020 · PMID 31858245 · DOI 10.1007/s00464-019-07323-7 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-137 | Meta-analysis: gallstones after sleeve vs bypass Silva-Chavez et al.. Obes Surg 2025 · PMID 41251897 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-025-08388-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-138 | Swedish study: bowel inflammation after obesity surgery Kiasat et al.. Surg Obes Relat Dis 2022 · PMID 35012883 · DOI 10.1016/j.soard.2021.12.014 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-139 | US study: bowel inflammation after surgery Pusateri et al.. Obes Surg 2026 · PMID 42082785 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-026-08714-1 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-140 | Israeli study: rheumatoid arthritis after surgery Jeries et al.. Rheumatol Adv Pract 2026 · PMID 41908723 · DOI 10.1093/rap/rkag025 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-141 | Meta-analysis: does surgery prolong life at every age? Pontiroli et al.. Obes Surg 2020 · PMID 32152843 · DOI 10.1007/s11695-020-04530-3 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-142 | Swiss trial: sleeve vs bypass after 10 years Kraljevic et al.. JAMA Surg 2025 · PMID 39969869 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.7052 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-143 | Cochrane review: surgery for obesity with type 2 diabetes Kiesswetter et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2026 · PMID 42610488 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD015622.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-BAR-144 | Danish study: acid medicines after sleeve vs bypass Gormsen et al.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2024 · PMID 39043831 · DOI 10.1038/s41366-024-01593-5 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-145 | Trial follow-up: Barrett changes 7 years after sleeve or bypass Lee et al.. ANZ J Surg 2025 · PMID 39829211 · DOI 10.1111/ans.19369 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-146 | Small US study: vitamins in patients who take their supplements Sandhu et al.. Surg Endosc 2023 · PMID 37775602 · DOI 10.1007/s00464-023-10421-2 | Cross-sectional study | very low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-147 | Meta-analysis: gut hormones after sleeve McCarty et al.. Ann Surg 2020 · PMID 31592891 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0000000000003614 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-BAR-148 | Review: how the gut works after sleeve or bypass Steenackers et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021 · PMID 33581761 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(20)30302-2 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-BAR-149 | Meta-analysis: vitamin shortages 5-17 years after surgery Chen et al.. Langenbecks Arch Surg 2024 · PMID 39030449 · DOI 10.1007/s00423-024-03422-9 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-01 | Smokers die about ten years earlier; quitting gives years back Doll R et al.. BMJ 2004 · PMID 15213107 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.38142.554479.AE | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-02 | Four in ten cancers in the USA are linked to avoidable risk factors, led by smoking Islami F et al.. CA Cancer J Clin 2024 · PMID 38990124 · DOI 10.3322/caac.21858 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-03 | Smoking, alcohol and excess weight lead global avoidable cancer deaths GBD 2019 Cancer Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2022 · PMID 35988567 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01438-6 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-04 | About a third of cancer risk is inherited Mucci LA et al.. JAMA 2016 · PMID 26746459 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.17703 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-05 | Infections cause about 2.2 million cancers a year worldwide de Martel C et al.. Lancet Glob Health 2020 · PMID 31862245 · DOI 10.1016/S2214-109X(19)30488-7 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-06 | Cancer wasting is caused by the cancer itself Fearon K et al.. Lancet Oncol 2011 · PMID 21296615 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(10)70218-7 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-07 | High sugar intake is linked to many health problems, weakly to some cancers Huang Y et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37019448 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-101 | Breast cancer patients who used only alternative medicine died more often Ayoade OF et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2026 · PMID 41770560 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2026.0337 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-102 | Gastrointestinal cancer: alternative medicine alone linked to more deaths Ekenze SO et al.. J Gastrointest Surg 2026 · PMID 42607749 · DOI 10.1016/j.gassur.2026.102552 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-103 | Ketogenic diets in cancer patients: some metabolic benefits Zhang M et al.. Front Nutr 2025 · PMID 40756563 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2025.1535921 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-CAN-104 | Ketogenic diet trials in cancer: little proven benefit Salido-Bueno B et al.. Nutr Bull 2024 · PMID 38923748 · DOI 10.1111/nbu.12693 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-105 | US cancer doctors' guideline: exercise helps, diet evidence weak Ligibel JA et al.. J Clin Oncol 2022 · PMID 35576506 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.22.00687 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-106 | US National Cancer Institute: no diet is proven to control cancer National Cancer Institute. cancer.gov (NCI, US National Institutes of Health) 2024 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-108 | Why do people with cancer die? Boire A et al.. Nat Rev Cancer 2024 · PMID 38898221 · DOI 10.1038/s41568-024-00708-4 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-109 | Stress hormones help drive cancer wasting in mice Braun TP et al.. FASEB J 2013 · PMID 23733748 · DOI 10.1096/fj.13-230375 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-110 | What cancer inpatients died of in an Indian hospital Doshi A et al.. Public Health Action 2026 · PMID 42830814 · DOI 10.5588/pha.26.0040 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-CAN-111 | Diet after bowel cancer and survival Chen QY et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2025 · PMID 40317134 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djaf098 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-112 | Sugary drinks and cancer risk in France Chazelas E et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31292122 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l2408 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-113 | European Code Against Cancer 2026: diet advice Leitzmann MF et al.. Mol Oncol 2026 · PMID 41542809 · DOI 10.1002/1878-0261.70201 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-114 | Which foods affect bowel cancer risk Vieira AR et al.. Ann Oncol 2017 · PMID 28407090 · DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdx171 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-115 | World Cancer Research Fund: 10 prevention recommendations World Cancer Research Fund International. wcrf.org 2018 (page accessed 2026) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-116 | Ultra-processed food and cancer: possible link, weak evidence Bao J et al.. J Food Sci 2026 · PMID 42619402 · DOI 10.1111/1750-3841.71367 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-117 | Random copying errors in cells and cancer Tomasetti C et al.. Science 2017 · PMID 28336671 · DOI 10.1126/science.aaf9011 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-118 | WHO: many cancers are preventable and curable World Health Organization. who.int 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-119 | Weakened immunity raises cancer risk Grulich AE et al.. Lancet 2007 · PMID 17617273 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61050-2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-120 | Immune cells inside bowel tumours predict survival Galon J et al.. Science 2006 · PMID 17008531 · DOI 10.1126/science.1129139 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-121 | Cancer patients do make antibodies against their tumours Soussi T. Cancer Res 2000 · PMID 10766157 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-CAN-122 | Hallmarks of cancer Hanahan D et al.. Cell 2011 · PMID 21376230 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2011.02.013 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-123 | Cancer in Hiroshima and Nagasaki survivors Grant EJ et al.. Radiat Res 2017 · PMID 28319463 · DOI 10.1667/RR14492.1 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CAN-124 | Smoking and bladder cancer in Alexandria Bedwani R et al.. Int J Cancer 1997 · PMID 9334811 · DOI 10.1002/(sici)1097-0215(19970926)73:1<64::aid-ijc11>3.0.co;2-5 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-125 | Ketogenic diet added to chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer: early trial Jameson GS et al.. Cancer 2026 · PMID 41817106 · DOI 10.1002/cncr.70343 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-126 | Weight loss and survival in bowel and pancreatic cancer Dunne RF et al.. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2024 · PMID 39095951 · DOI 10.1002/jcsm.13510 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-127 | Sugary drinks after breast cancer linked to higher death risk Farvid MS et al.. Cancer 2021 · PMID 33945630 · DOI 10.1002/cncr.33461 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-128 | Critique: registry 'CAM' is really alternative treatment instead of standard care Jeitler M et al.. Oncologist 2026 · PMID 42135607 · DOI 10.1093/oncolo/oyag187 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-129 | Refusing colon cancer surgery linked to much shorter survival Kaltenmeier C et al.. Am J Surg 2020 · PMID 32680623 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2020.04.022 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-130 | Most cancer risk comes from outside factors Wu S et al.. Nature 2016 · PMID 26675728 · DOI 10.1038/nature16166 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CAN-131 | A low-fat diet alongside breast cancer treatment may reduce relapse Chlebowski RT et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2006 · PMID 17179478 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djj494 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-01 | Less antibiotics in farm animals, less resistance Tang KL et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2017 · PMID 29387833 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(17)30141-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-02 | EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU (copy at legislation.gov.uk) 2003 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-CHK-03 | US withdrawal of arsenic drugs for poultry US Food and Drug Administration. FDA 2022 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-CHK-04 | EU report on antibiotic resistance in food animals EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38419967 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8583 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-05 | EFSA: controlling Campylobacter in broilers EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32874298 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-06 | IARC on red and processed meat Bouvard V et al.. Lancet Oncol 2015 · PMID 26514947 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-07 | Meat and 25 common conditions (UK) Papier K et al.. BMC Med 2021 · PMID 33648505 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-021-01922-9 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-08 | Meat types and death risk Abete I et al.. Br J Nutr 2014 · PMID 24932617 · DOI 10.1017/S000711451400124X | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-09 | Salmonella in Egyptian broiler chickens Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-z | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-10 | Bird flu H5N1 in Egypt Kayali G et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2016 · PMID 26886164 · DOI 10.3201/eid2203.150593 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-101 | Eating more poultry is not linked to earlier death Papp RE et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 · PMID 34542332 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2021.1975092 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-102 | More poultry linked to slightly more heart disease in US cohorts Zhong VW et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2020 · PMID 32011623 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.6969 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-103 | No link between poultry and death or heart disease in 21 countries Iqbal R et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 33787869 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa448 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-104 | How much do we know about poultry and health? Connolly G et al.. Adv Nutr 2022 · PMID 36351778 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmac074 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-105 | White meat was not linked to anxiety in Iranian adults Kazemi S et al.. Front Nutr 2021 · PMID 34386515 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2021.710555 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-106 | Meat eaters reported slightly less anxiety than people who avoid meat Dobersek U et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2023 · PMID 34612096 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2021.1974336 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-107 | Anxiety disorders became more common worldwide since 1990 GBD 2023 Mental Disorder Collaborators. Lancet 2026 · PMID 42167272 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(26)00519-2 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-108 | About 1 in 8 chicken breasts in Ontario were severely 'woody' Che S et al.. PLoS One 2022 · PMID 35427383 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0267019 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-109 | Antibiotic-free chickens still get woody breast Barbut S et al.. Poult Sci 2026 · PMID 42096902 · DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2026.106997 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-11 | Woody breast in modern chickens Greene ES et al.. Avian Pathol 2025 · PMID 40658058 · DOI 10.1080/03079457.2025.2533454 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-110 | An antibiotic feed additive increased woody breast in a trial Jia L et al.. Poult Sci 2022 · PMID 34788711 · DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2021.101512 | Animal study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-111 | Chicken protein is very well digested by humans Kashyap S et al.. J Nutr 2024 · PMID 39307282 · DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.014 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-112 | Woody chicken breast digests as well as normal breast in the lab Trithavisup T et al.. Poult Sci 2024 · PMID 37992618 · DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2023.103261 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-113 | Defective chicken breasts were digested even faster in the lab Srimarut Y et al.. Foods 2024 · PMID 38201187 · DOI 10.3390/foods13010159 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-114 | Chicken and beef affected gut bacteria similarly Rueda-De Torre I et al.. Mol Nutr Food Res 2025 · PMID 40711376 · DOI 10.1002/mnfr.70189 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-115 | Most resistant gut bacteria in Dutch people come from other people, about one fifth from food Mughini-Gras L et al.. Lancet Planet Health 2019 · PMID 31439317 · DOI 10.1016/S2542-5196(19)30130-5 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-116 | EU report 2023-2024: resistant bacteria from poultry still common EFSA and ECDC. EFSA J 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.9887 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-117 | Egyptian farms report routine antibiotic use, often without medical need ElSayed N et al.. J Egypt Public Health Assoc 2025 · PMID 39828782 · DOI 10.1186/s42506-024-00180-w | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-118 | WHO: stop using antibiotics to make farm animals grow Aidara-Kane A et al.. Antimicrob Resist Infect Control 2018 · PMID 29375825 · DOI 10.1186/s13756-017-0294-9 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-119 | US: hormone implants allowed in beef cattle, not in poultry U.S. Food and Drug Administration. FDA web page 2024 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-CHK-12 | Antibiotic residues in Egyptian chicken Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-120 | Poultry scientists: chickens are not given growth hormones Tabler T, Wells J, Zhai W. MSU Extension Service 2023 (date not stated; code POD-05-23) | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-121 | Egyptian experiment: hormone pills made chickens heavier and stressed the liver Badr MO et al.. Vet Ital 2009 · PMID 20391405 | Animal study | very low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-122 | A steroid sold as a growth promoter made broilers grow less Islam R et al.. Poult Sci 2022 · PMID 35523031 · DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2022.101904 | Animal study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-123 | A third of market chicken in Alexandria carried Salmonella Barac D et al.. Indian J Microbiol 2024 · PMID 39678989 · DOI 10.1007/s12088-024-01210-z | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-124 | Salmonella in 16% of whole chickens and 60% of gizzards in Mansoura Abd-Elghany SM et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2015 · PMID 25004116 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268814001708 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-125 | Salmonella in 18% of native chicken carcasses in Mansoura El-Saeed BA et al.. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024 · PMID 38965586 · DOI 10.1186/s12941-024-00713-3 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-126 | Arsenic feed drugs found in most Chinese market chicken Zhao D et al.. J Hazard Mater 2020 · PMID 31525688 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2019.121178 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-127 | Arsenic feed additives raised arsenic in Chinese market chicken Hu Y et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2017 · PMID 28219238 · DOI 10.1021/acs.est.6b06258 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-128 | Most Campylobacter infections in Germany trace back to chicken Rosner BM et al.. Sci Rep 2017 · PMID 28698561 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-05227-x | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-129 | In Egypt, chicken is a main source of Campylobacter infection Saif NA et al.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 · PMID 34033263 · DOI 10.1111/tbed.14165 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-13 | Colistin resistance in the Middle East and North Africa Saniour R et al.. Microorganisms 2026 · PMID 42655038 · DOI 10.3390/microorganisms14081693 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-130 | WHO: chicken is a major Campylobacter source; cooking kills it World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2020 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-131 | Chicken with skin gets about as much energy from fat as from protein; breast without skin is lean U.S. Department of Agriculture, Agricultural Research Service. FoodData Central (SR Legacy) 2019 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-132 | Processed chicken products are much fattier than plain chicken meat Gibbs RA et al.. Food Chem 2013 · PMID 23411307 · DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.002 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-133 | The chicken-linked mutagen PhIP was not linked to bowel cancer in pooled cohorts Nguyen LC et al.. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2022 · PMID 35901325 · DOI 10.31557/APJCP.2022.23.7.2215 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-134 | Egyptian pigeons carry resistant Salmonella Osman KM et al.. Foodborne Pathog Dis 2013 · PMID 23531124 · DOI 10.1089/fpd.2012.1347 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-135 | Egyptian pigeons can catch and spread bird flu Mansour SM et al.. Avian Pathol 2014 · PMID 24861170 · DOI 10.1080/03079457.2014.926002 | Outbreak report | low | not applicable |
| I-CHK-136 | WHO: bird flu comes from contact with infected birds, not from properly cooked chicken World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-137 | Living near poultry farms was not linked to pneumonia in a later Dutch study Post PM et al.. PLoS One 2019 · PMID 31609989 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0223601 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-138 | Egypt 2014-15: 165 human bird-flu cases, almost all after poultry contact Refaey S et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2015 · PMID 26584397 · DOI 10.3201/eid2112.150885 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-139 | Home slaughter of poultry exposes Egyptian families to bird flu Lohiniva AL et al.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2013 · PMID 23145955 · DOI 10.1111/irv.12023 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-14 | Cooking mutagens and colorectal cancer Chiavarini M et al.. Nutrients 2017 · PMID 28524104 · DOI 10.3390/nu9050514 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-140 | WHO: anxiety disorders are common and treatable World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-141 | WHO: poultry is a main Salmonella source; cook thoroughly World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2018 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHK-15 | Salmonella in young pigeons (squabs) Osman KM et al.. Rev Sci Tech 2014 · PMID 25812222 · DOI 10.20506/rst.33.3.2336 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-01 | Chemotherapy after breast-cancer surgery reduces deaths by about a third EBCTCG. Lancet 2012 · PMID 22152853 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61625-5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-02 | Radiotherapy after breast-conserving surgery halves recurrence EBCTCG. Lancet 2011 · PMID 22019144 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(11)61629-2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-03 | Patients who used only alternative medicine for curable cancer died more often Johnson SB et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2018 · PMID 28922780 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djx145 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-04 | Refusing standard cancer treatment, not complementary medicine itself, raised the risk of death Johnson SB et al.. JAMA Oncol 2018 · PMID 30027204 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoncol.2018.2487 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-05 | About 9 in 10 children with leukaemia now survive Hunger SP et al.. J Clin Oncol 2012 · PMID 22412151 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2011.37.8018 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-06 | With modern techniques, radiotherapy's heart and lung risks are small for non-smokers Taylor C et al.. J Clin Oncol 2017 · PMID 28319436 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2016.72.0722 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-07 | Each month of delay in cancer treatment raises the risk of death Hanna TP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 33148535 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m4087 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-08 | Immunotherapy lets half of patients with advanced melanoma live at least five years Larkin J et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 31562797 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1910836 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-09 | Doxorubicin comes from a soil bacterium Arcamone F et al.. Biotechnol Bioeng 1969 · PMID 5365804 · DOI 10.1002/bit.260110607 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-10 | Cisplatin belongs to the platinum compounds Rosenberg B et al.. Nature 1969 · PMID 5782119 · DOI 10.1038/222385a0 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-101 | Chemotherapy for early breast cancer: benefits and risks in 100,000 women Early Breast Cancer Trialists' Collaborative Group (EBCTCG). Lancet 2023 · PMID 37061269 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00285-4 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-102 | Radiotherapy after breast removal: 20-year results of 22 trials EBCTCG; McGale P et al.. Lancet 2014 · PMID 24656685 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(14)60488-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-103 | Chemotherapy vs supportive care alone in advanced lung cancer NSCLC Meta-Analyses Collaborative Group. J Clin Oncol 2008 · PMID 18678835 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2008.17.7162 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-104 | Cochrane review: early palliative care in advanced cancer Haun MW et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28603881 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011129.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-105 | ASCO guideline: palliative care alongside cancer treatment Ferrell BR et al.. J Clin Oncol 2017 · PMID 28034065 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2016.70.1474 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-106 | Why rising cancer survival rates can mislead Welch HG et al.. JAMA 2000 · PMID 10865276 · DOI 10.1001/jama.283.22.2975 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-107 | Lung CT screening trial (NLST) National Lung Screening Trial Research Team; Aberle DR et al.. N Engl J Med 2011 · PMID 21714641 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1102873 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-108 | Heart failure after doxorubicin by dose Swain SM et al.. Cancer 2003 · PMID 12767102 · DOI 10.1002/cncr.11407 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-109 | Can heart damage from anthracyclines be prevented? de Baat EC et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2022 · PMID 36162822 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD014638.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-11 | Dense tissue around pancreatic tumours can block chemotherapy in mice Olive KP et al.. Science 2009 · PMID 19460966 · DOI 10.1126/science.1171362 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-110 | Leukaemia-type cancers after breast cancer treatment Wolff AC et al.. J Clin Oncol 2015 · PMID 25534386 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2013.54.6119 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-111 | Memory problems after breast cancer chemotherapy Janelsins MC et al.. J Clin Oncol 2018 · PMID 30240328 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2018.78.6624 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-112 | Self-reported thinking problems after chemotherapy Kim HJ et al.. Eur J Oncol Nurs 2022 · PMID 35255262 · DOI 10.1016/j.ejon.2022.102099 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-113 | Protecting children's hearing during cisplatin treatment Brock PR et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29924955 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1801109 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-114 | Are childhood cancer survivors getting healthier? Gibson TM et al.. Lancet Oncol 2018 · PMID 30416076 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(18)30537-0 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-115 | Lifetime health problems after childhood cancer Bhakta N et al.. Lancet 2017 · PMID 28890157 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)31610-0 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-116 | Cancer costs push many patients into financial hardship Kitaw TA et al.. BMJ Glob Health 2025 · PMID 39929536 · DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2024-017133 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-117 | Tumour scar tissue can hold cancer back Rhim AD et al.. Cancer Cell 2014 · PMID 24856585 · DOI 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.021 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-118 | Breaking down tumour stroma did not help patients live longer Van Cutsem E et al.. J Clin Oncol 2020 · PMID 32706635 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.20.00590 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-119 | Tumour surroundings can protect cancer cells from drugs Meads MB et al.. Nat Rev Cancer 2009 · PMID 19693095 · DOI 10.1038/nrc2714 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-12 | Cancer death rates in the USA keep falling Siegel RL et al.. CA Cancer J Clin 2024 · PMID 38230766 · DOI 10.3322/caac.21820 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-120 | Chemotherapy after pancreatic cancer surgery Oettle H et al.. JAMA 2013 · PMID 24104372 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2013.279201 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-CHM-121 | A fungus that makes taxol Stierle A et al.. Science 1993 · PMID 8097061 · DOI 10.1126/science.8097061 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-122 | Heart dose and heart attacks after breast radiotherapy: a check of Darby van den Bogaard VA et al.. J Clin Oncol 2017 · PMID 28095159 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2016.69.8480 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-123 | How much does chemotherapy add to cancer survival overall? Morgan G et al.. Clin Oncol (R Coll Radiol) 2004 · PMID 15630849 · DOI 10.1016/j.clon.2004.06.007 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-124 | Many new cancer drugs approved without proof of longer or better life Davis C et al.. BMJ 2017 · PMID 28978555 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.j4530 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-125 | Childhood cancer survival in Egypt Soliman RM et al.. Int J Cancer 2021 · PMID 32997796 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.33321 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-126 | Traditional medicine use by children with cancer in Southern Egypt Farrag A et al.. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2024 · PMID 39289855 · DOI 10.1002/pbc.31326 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-127 | Nutrition drink during chemotherapy for pancreatic cancer Uemura S et al.. Clin Nutr ESPEN 2026 · PMID 41794391 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnesp.2026.103106 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-CHM-128 | Palliative care and survival: a meta-analysis Hoerger M et al.. Ann Behav Med 2019 · PMID 30265282 · DOI 10.1093/abm/kay077 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-CHM-129 | More stroma, more chemotherapy resistance in ovarian cancer? Lou E et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2024 · PMID 38411963 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.0407 | Cohort study | moderate | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| I-DIAB-101 | Weight-loss programme puts early type 2 diabetes into remission in Qatar Taheri S et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2020 · PMID 32445735 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(20)30117-0 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-102 | How often lifestyle change puts type 2 diabetes into remission (Look AHEAD) Gregg EW et al.. JAMA 2012 · PMID 23288372 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2012.67929 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-103 | Can type 2 diabetes go into remission without surgery? A review of trials Sherifali DT et al.. Diabetes Care 2025 · PMID 40982327 · DOI 10.2337/dc25-0562 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-104 | What 'remission' of type 2 diabetes means Riddle MC et al.. Diabetes Care 2021 · PMID 34462270 · DOI 10.2337/dci21-0034 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-105 | Supervised ketogenic diet programme in type 2 diabetes over 2 years Athinarayanan SJ et al.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2019 · PMID 31231311 · DOI 10.3389/fendo.2019.00348 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-106 | HbA1c reflects average blood sugar Nathan DM et al.. Diabetes Care 2008 · PMID 18540046 · DOI 10.2337/dc08-0545 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-107 | Is high blood sugar during severe illness protective? Marik PE, Bellomo R. Crit Care 2013 · PMID 23470218 · DOI 10.1186/cc12514 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-108 | When HbA1c can be misleading Samajdar SS et al.. Lancet Reg Health Southeast Asia 2026 · PMID 41743216 · DOI 10.1016/j.lansea.2026.100724 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-109 | Checking blood ketones on sick days in young people with type 1 diabetes Laffel LM et al.. Diabet Med 2006 · PMID 16492211 · DOI 10.1111/j.1464-5491.2005.01771.x | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-110 | Checking blood sugar more often goes with better control in type 1 diabetes Miller KM et al.. Diabetes Care 2013 · PMID 23378621 · DOI 10.2337/dc12-1770 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-111 | Daily finger-prick tests in type 2 diabetes without insulin Young LA et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2017 · PMID 28600913 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.1233 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-112 | Lowering blood pressure in type 2 diabetes Emdin CA et al.. JAMA 2015 · PMID 25668264 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.18574 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-113 | US diabetes standards 2026: weight loss and type 2 diabetes American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358882 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S008 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-114 | US diabetes standards 2026: blood pressure American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358899 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S010 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-DIAB-115 | UK guideline on type 2 diabetes in adults National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-01 | US cohorts: dairy neither lowers nor clearly raises mortality Ding M et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31776125 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l6204 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-02 | 29 cohorts: dairy neutral for heart disease and mortality Guo J et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28374228 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-017-0243-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-03 | Hip fractures: milk neutral, yogurt and cheese linked to fewer fractures Bian S et al.. BMC Public Health 2018 · PMID 29357845 · DOI 10.1186/s12889-018-5041-5 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-04 | Independent review: A1 milk may upset digestion, other effects unproven Küllenberg de Gaudry D et al.. Nutr Rev 2019 · PMID 30722004 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuy063 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-05 | Industry-linked review: A1 milk effects mostly shown in rodents Brooke-Taylor S et al.. Adv Nutr 2017 · PMID 28916574 · DOI 10.3945/an.116.013953 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-06 | Men with higher IGF-1 levels get prostate cancer somewhat more often Travis RC et al.. Cancer Res 2016 · PMID 26921328 · DOI 10.1158/0008-5472.CAN-15-1551 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-07 | Milk linked to slightly more Parkinson's, yogurt not Jiang W et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2014 · PMID 24894826 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-014-9921-4 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-08 | Meta-analysis: milk linked to acne, yogurt and cheese not Aghasi M et al.. Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 29778512 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2018.04.015 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-09 | 78,529 young people: dairy of all kinds linked to acne Juhl CR et al.. Nutrients 2018 · PMID 30096883 · DOI 10.3390/nu10081049 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-10 | Yogurt linked to lower diabetes risk Chen M et al.. BMC Med 2014 · PMID 25420418 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-014-0215-1 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-101 | New US dietary guidelines (2026) recommend dairy and olive oil, allow butter in limits U.S. Department of Agriculture; U.S. Department of Health and Human Services. Federal dietary guideline (PDF, realfood.gov; linked from dietaryguidelines.gov) 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-102 | WCRF: dairy probably protects against bowel cancer; prostate cancer link is limited World Cancer Research Fund / American Institute for Cancer Research. WCRF/AICR Diet, Nutrition, Physical Activity and Cancer: a Global Perspective (Third Expert Report) 2018 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-103 | Extra dairy helps children build bone Hidayat K et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37414219 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.010 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-104 | Children drinking plant milks instead of cow milk tended to be shorter and lower in vitamin D Soczynska I et al.. J Nutr 2024 · PMID 39332772 · DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.010 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-105 | Extra milk, yogurt and cheese cut hip fractures in nursing-home residents Iuliano S et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34670754 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.n2364 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-106 | Dairy linked to fewer deaths and strokes in 21 countries Dehghan M et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 30217460 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31812-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-107 | Yogurt linked to lower mortality; total dairy best at moderate amounts Hu X et al.. Front Nutr 2026 · PMID 41660415 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2026.1731841 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-108 | Men eating more dairy had more prostate cancer in a large Adventist cohort Orlich MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35672028 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac093 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-109 | Genetic study: milk does not clearly cause prostate cancer but may protect against bowel cancer Larsson SC et al.. BMC Med 2020 · PMID 33261611 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-020-01839-9 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-11 | Milk linked to lower bowel cancer risk Aune D et al.. Ann Oncol 2012 · PMID 21617020 · DOI 10.1093/annonc/mdr269 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-110 | Higher IGF-1 linked to prostate cancer, supported by genetics Watts EL et al.. Int J Cancer 2021 · PMID 33252839 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.33416 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-DRY-111 | Ovarian cancer and dairy: mixed signals Liao MQ et al.. Br J Nutr 2020 · PMID 32189606 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114520001075 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-112 | Genetic study supports dairy-Parkinson's link in men Domenighetti C et al.. Mov Disord 2022 · PMID 34997937 · DOI 10.1002/mds.28902 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-113 | Dairy-Parkinson's link seen in men, not women Warz SI et al.. Mov Disord Clin Pract 2026 · PMID 41792943 · DOI 10.1002/mdc3.70575 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-114 | A2 milk no better than ordinary milk in a US trial Greenway FL et al.. Nutr J 2026 · PMID 41634798 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-026-01288-9 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-115 | Lactose, not the A1 protein, explained milk symptoms Mannila E et al.. J Dairy Sci 2025 · PMID 40614809 · DOI 10.3168/jds.2025-26712 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-116 | A2 milk helped only lactose-intolerant women Milan AM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31773165 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz279 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-117 | Yogurt and fermented milk do not raise inflammation Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2023 · PMID 36710113 · DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2022.12.014 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-118 | Egyptian milk and cheese contain some residues, mostly below limits Ibrahim AA et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38549581 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i2.4 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-119 | Most milk-allergic children tolerate milk baked into foods Nowak-Wegrzyn A et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2008 · PMID 18620743 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2008.05.043 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-12 | Overview of 41 reviews: milk more often linked to benefit than harm Zhang X et al.. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2021 · PMID 33413488 · DOI 10.1186/s12986-020-00527-y | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-120 | Children's diet and type 1 diabetes risk in Finland: dairy not a clear factor Virtanen SM et al.. J Nutr 2024 · PMID 39313195 · DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2024.09.018 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-121 | Dairy not linked to lymphoma in long-term studies Sergentanis TN et al.. Leuk Lymphoma 2019 · PMID 30912696 · DOI 10.1080/10428194.2018.1563693 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-122 | Nordic guideline review: dairy fits a healthy diet Bjorklund Holven K et al.. Food Nutr Res 2024 · PMID 39781268 · DOI 10.29219/fnr.v68.10486 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-123 | NHS: dairy or fortified alternatives are important in pregnancy and childhood NHS (England). NHS website 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-124 | Cheese is linked to neutral or slightly better health outcomes Zhang M et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37328108 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.06.007 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-125 | Six weeks of more dairy did not raise the main inflammation marker Prowting JL et al.. J Nutr 2026 · PMID 41176279 · DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2025.10.040 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-126 | Old pesticides found in raw milk in an Egyptian city Raslan AA et al.. J Toxicol 2018 · PMID 30158973 · DOI 10.1155/2018/3821797 | Risk assessment | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-13 | Many aged Italian cheeses contain almost no lactose Facioni MS et al.. Foods 2021 · PMID 34574346 · DOI 10.3390/foods10092236 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-14 | Lactose intolerance is common and managed by reducing lactose Facioni MS et al.. J Transl Med 2020 · PMID 32590986 · DOI 10.1186/s12967-020-02429-2 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-15 | Cheese eaters had slightly fewer heart attacks and strokes Chen GC et al.. Eur J Nutr 2017 · PMID 27517544 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-016-1292-z | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-16 | Mould toxin found in Middle-East milk, including Egypt Rahmani J et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 2018 · PMID 29902498 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2018.06.016 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-17 | Review: milk naturally contains hormones Malekinejad H et al.. Iran J Public Health 2015 · PMID 26258087 | Narrative review | very low | not applicable |
| I-DRY-18 | Trials: dairy does not raise inflammation markers Moosavian SP et al.. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2020 · PMID 32409275 · DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2020.01.011 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-DRY-19 | 52 trials: dairy anti-inflammatory except in milk allergy Bordoni A et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2017 · PMID 26287637 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2014.967385 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-01 | Eggs and heart disease: 1.7 million people Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32132002 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m513 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-02 | Eggs, cholesterol and heart disease in 50 countries Dehghan M et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 31965140 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz348 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-03 | Eggs and heart disease in 0.5 million Chinese adults Qin C et al.. Heart 2018 · PMID 29785957 · DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2017-312651 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-04 | Eggs and heart disease: dose-response review Godos J et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 32865658 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02345-7 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-05 | Eggs and risk of death: 2.2 million people Mousavi SM et al.. Adv Nutr 2022 · PMID 35396834 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmac040 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-06 | AHA on dietary cholesterol Carson JAS et al.. Circulation 2020 · PMID 31838890 · DOI 10.1161/CIR.0000000000000743 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-07 | Dietary cholesterol and LDL Vincent MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30596814 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy273 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-08 | Eggs and type 2 diabetes: updated analysis Drouin-Chartier JP et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2020 · PMID 32453379 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqaa115 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-09 | Eggs and hormone-related cancers: meta-analysis Keum N et al.. Br J Nutr 2015 · PMID 26293984 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114515002135 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-10 | Do eggs raise TMAO? A trial Wilcox J et al.. Am J Med 2021 · PMID 33872583 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2021.03.016 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-101 | Giving babies egg early lowers the chance of egg allergy Scarpone R et al.. JAMA Pediatr 2023 · PMID 36972063 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.0142 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-102 | European allergy experts: give babies well-cooked egg Halken S et al.. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2021 · PMID 33710678 · DOI 10.1111/pai.13496 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-103 | WHO: young children should eat meat, fish or eggs every day World Health Organization. WHO (guideline, ISBN 978-92-4-008186-4) 2023 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-104 | Avoiding eggs and milk in pregnancy does not prevent allergies in the baby Kramer MS, Kakuma R. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 · PMID 22972039 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD000133.pub3 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-105 | One egg a day helped babies in Ecuador grow Iannotti LL et al.. Pediatrics 2017 · PMID 28588101 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2016-3459 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-106 | An egg a day did not change growth in Malawian babies Stewart CP et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 31386106 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqz163 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-107 | Cutting out 'intolerant' foods did not clearly prevent headaches Mitchell N et al.. Nutr J 2011 · PMID 21835022 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-10-85 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-108 | No diet has been shown to control lupus Sciascia S et al.. Nutrients 2024 · PMID 39683527 · DOI 10.3390/nu16234132 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-109 | Large review links eggs to slightly higher heart risk, mainly in the USA Zhao B et al.. Circulation 2022 · PMID 35360933 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.057642 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-11 | How common are food allergies in Europe? Spolidoro GCI et al.. Allergy 2023 · PMID 37405695 · DOI 10.1111/all.15801 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-110 | More than one egg a day not linked to heart disease Krittanawong C et al.. Am J Med 2021 · PMID 32653422 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2020.05.046 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-111 | Iranian study: eggs not linked to heart disease Mohammadifard N et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35347253 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01118-1 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-112 | Eggs and death risk: small link mainly in American studies Ma W et al.. J Nutr 2022 · PMID 35524693 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxac105 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-113 | Eating eggs does not raise TMAO in blood tests Aryaeian N et al.. Nutr J 2025 · PMID 41146117 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-025-01227-0 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-114 | High TMAO in blood is linked to heart events Schiattarella GG et al.. Eur Heart J 2017 · PMID 29020409 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx342 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-115 | Genetic study: TMAO may be a marker, not a cause, of heart disease Jia J et al.. Diabetes 2019 · PMID 31167879 · DOI 10.2337/db19-0153 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-116 | Big pooled study: eggs linked to only slightly more fatal prostate cancer, in North America Wu K et al.. Int J Cancer 2016 · PMID 26685908 · DOI 10.1002/ijc.29973 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-117 | Eggs after prostate cancer diagnosis: mixed findings Sandhu S et al.. J Urol 2026 · PMID 42607142 · DOI 10.1097/JU.0000000000005263 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-118 | US cohorts: frequent egg eaters had more diabetes Djoussé L et al.. Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 33932789 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.03.003 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-119 | Two eggs a day did not worsen blood sugar in people with diabetes Fuller NR et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2018 · PMID 29741558 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy048 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-12 | Which foods do people blame for bad dreams? Nielsen T, Powell RA. Front Psychol 2015 · PMID 25741294 · DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2015.00047 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-120 | Chinese survey: very high egg intake linked to diabetes Yuan S et al.. Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 33593662 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2021.01.041 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-121 | Saudi market eggs: no lead, cadmium or arsenic detected Korish MA, Attia YA. Animals (Basel) 2020 · PMID 32331361 · DOI 10.3390/ani10040727 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-122 | Iranian supermarket eggs: lead and cadmium below safe limits Hoseini H et al.. Food Sci Nutr 2023 · PMID 37324917 · DOI 10.1002/fsn3.3268 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-123 | Cages are one of many Salmonella risk factors on egg farms Denagamage T et al.. Avian Dis 2015 · PMID 26473681 · DOI 10.1637/10997-120214-Reg | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-124 | UAE supermarket eggs: Salmonella found only on shells of cage eggs Habib I et al.. Food Microbiol 2026 · PMID 41963064 · DOI 10.1016/j.fm.2026.105092 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-125 | Egyptian farms: good hygiene, not housing type alone, makes eggs cleaner Hafez E et al.. Vet Ital 2025 · PMID 40232862 · DOI 10.12834/VetIt.3466.29418.2 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-126 | Salmonella found inside some Egyptian market eggs Abou Elez RMM et al.. Animals (Basel) 2021 · PMID 34944331 · DOI 10.3390/ani11123554 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-127 | Some conventional eggs in Aswan contained antibiotic residues Zakaria AM et al.. Open Vet J 2023 · PMID 37304600 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2023.v13.i5.4 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-128 | Antibiotic residues in Chinese eggs: mostly below safety limits Wang Z et al.. J Hazard Mater 2026 · PMID 41833166 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhazmat.2026.141724 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-129 | One farm's eggs often contained antibiotic residues Sornplang P et al.. Vet World 2022 · PMID 35497971 · DOI 10.14202/vetworld.2022.543-550 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-13 | Food sensitivities and nightmares Nielsen T et al.. Front Psychol 2025 · PMID 40667395 · DOI 10.3389/fpsyg.2025.1544475 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-EGG-130 | Big overview: no good reason to avoid eggs Formisano E et al.. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025 · PMID 39934049 · DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2025.103849 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-131 | All current lupus kidney guidelines rely on medicines, including biologics Xipell M et al.. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2026 · PMID 42101868 · DOI 10.1093/ndt/gfag106 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-132 | Chile: Salmonella found only in cage-free eggs Solís D et al.. Foods 2023 · PMID 38231772 · DOI 10.3390/foods12234300 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-133 | Egg-free diets help only children with proven egg allergy Bath-Hextall F et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2008 · PMID 18254073 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD005203.pub2 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-134 | Eggs briefly raise TMAO after a meal Miller CA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24944063 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.114.087692 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-EGG-14 | EU zoonoses report 2024 EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2025 · PMID 41377167 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9759 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-15 | EFSA: Salmonella in poultry flocks EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2019 · PMID 32626222 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5596 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-16 | EFSA on PFAS in food EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32994824 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-EGG-17 | EU rules for laying hens European Commission. EU legislation / EC web page 1999 | Guideline / position statement | not applicable | not applicable |
| I-FAST-01 | How the body fuels itself during starvation Cahill GF. Annu Rev Nutr 2006 · PMID 16848698 · DOI 10.1146/annurev.nutr.26.061505.111258 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-02 | Alternate-day fasting vs eating less every day Trepanowski JF et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2017 · PMID 28459931 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.0936 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-03 | Time-restricted eating plus calorie restriction Liu D et al.. N Engl J Med 2022 · PMID 35443107 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2114833 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-04 | 16:8 fasting without calorie targets Lowe DA et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2020 · PMID 32986097 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.4153 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-05 | What intermittent fasting does to metabolism Patterson RE et al.. Annu Rev Nutr 2017 · PMID 28715993 · DOI 10.1146/annurev-nutr-071816-064634 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-06 | Food combining vs normal balanced diet Golay A et al.. Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord 2000 · PMID 10805507 · DOI 10.1038/sj.ijo.0801185 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-07 | How much protein older people need Bauer J et al.. J Am Med Dir Assoc 2013 · PMID 23867520 · DOI 10.1016/j.jamda.2013.05.021 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-08 | Do we need eight glasses of water a day? Valtin H. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2002 · PMID 12376390 · DOI 10.1152/ajpregu.00365.2002 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-09 | Drinking more water to prevent kidney stones Borghi L et al.. J Urol 1996 · PMID 8583588 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-10 | Fasting in Ramadan with diabetes (EPIDIAR) Salti I et al.. Diabetes Care 2004 · PMID 15451892 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.27.10.2306 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-101 | Hormones during weeks of fasting Marliss EB et al.. J Clin Invest 1970 · PMID 5480852 · DOI 10.1172/JCI106445 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-102 | Insulin after a 36-hour fast Jørgensen SW et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2021 · PMID 33284087 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00433.2020 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-103 | Normal hormone values during a three-day fast Højlund K et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2001 · PMID 11120658 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.2001.280.1.E50 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-104 | Time-restricted eating for fatty liver Oh JH et al.. J Hepatol 2025 · PMID 40543603 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2025.06.005 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-105 | European fatty-liver guideline European Association for the Study of the Liver (EASL) et al.. J Hepatol 2024 · PMID 38851997 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2024.04.031 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-106 | Fasting and joint disease activity Liu R et al.. PeerJ 2026 · PMID 42079723 · DOI 10.7717/peerj.21185 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-107 | Fasting then vegetarian diet in rheumatoid arthritis Kjeldsen-Kragh J et al.. Lancet 1991 · PMID 1681264 · DOI 10.1016/0140-6736(91)91770-u | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-108 | Ramadan guidelines for people with diabetes International Diabetes Federation and DAR International Alliance (ed. Hassanein M). IDF (Brussels) 2021 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-109 | Type 1 diabetes and Ramadan complications Alguwaihes AM et al.. Clin Med Insights Endocrinol Diabetes 2025 · PMID 41001082 · DOI 10.1177/11795514251376888 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-11 | IDF-DAR Ramadan guidelines 2021 Hassanein M et al.. Diabetes Res Clin Pract 2022 · PMID 35016991 · DOI 10.1016/j.diabres.2021.109185 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-110 | Teenagers with type 1 diabetes fasting Ramadan Safari O et al.. BMC Endocr Disord 2025 · PMID 39966830 · DOI 10.1186/s12902-025-01835-1 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-111 | Safety of medically supervised multi-day fasting Wilhelmi de Toledo F et al.. PLoS One 2019 · PMID 30601864 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0209353 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-112 | Side effects of supervised water-only fasting Finnell JS et al.. BMC Complement Altern Med 2018 · PMID 29458369 · DOI 10.1186/s12906-018-2136-6 | Case series / case report | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| I-FAST-113 | Different fasting methods compared Semnani-Azad Z et al.. BMJ 2025 · PMID 40533200 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2024-082007 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-114 | Cochrane review of intermittent fasting Garegnani LI et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2026 · PMID 41692034 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD015610.pub2 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-115 | One meal a day versus three Stote KS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 · PMID 17413096 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/85.4.981 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-116 | One meal a day and death risk Sun Y et al.. J Acad Nutr Diet 2023 · PMID 35964910 · DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2022.08.119 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-117 | Does food variety protect health? Nickel DV et al.. Eur J Nutr 2026 · PMID 42047829 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-026-03907-x | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-118 | Mindful eating and how much people eat Ahmadyar K et al.. Clin Psychol Rev 2026 · PMID 42341365 · DOI 10.1016/j.cpr.2026.102780 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-119 | Eating by hunger and fullness Van Dyke N, Drinkwater EJ. Public Health Nutr 2014 · PMID 23962472 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980013002139 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-12 | DiRECT: weight loss to put type 2 diabetes into remission Lean ME et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 29221645 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(17)33102-1 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-120 | Protein amount versus timing in older adults Kim IY et al.. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2015 · PMID 25352437 · DOI 10.1152/ajpendo.00382.2014 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-121 | Protein and muscle in healthy adults Nunes EA et al.. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2022 · PMID 35187864 · DOI 10.1002/jcsm.12922 | Meta-analysis | moderate | essentially correct but incomplete |
| I-FAST-122 | Drinking more water to prevent kidney stones Bao Y et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32045491 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004292.pub4 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-123 | Trials of drinking more water Hakam N et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2024 · PMID 39585691 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.47621 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-124 | EU reference values for water EFSA Panel on Dietetic Products, Nutrition, and Allergies (NDA). EFSA Journal 2010 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1459 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAST-125 | Five days without food or water Papagiannopoulos-Vatopaidinos IE et al.. Metabol Open 2025 · PMID 40585323 · DOI 10.1016/j.metop.2025.100363 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-FAST-13 | DiRECT after two years Lean MEJ et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2019 · PMID 30852132 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(19)30068-3 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-FAST-14 | DiRECT after five years Lean ME et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 38423026 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00385-6 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-01 | Cochrane: eating less saturated fat reduces heart and stroke events Hooper L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32827219 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011737.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-02 | Experts: LDL cholesterol causes artery disease Ference BA et al.. Eur Heart J 2017 · PMID 28444290 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehx144 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-03 | Butter at usual amounts: little link to heart disease Pimpin L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27355649 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0158118 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-04 | Spanish trial: Mediterranean diet with olive oil prevented heart events Estruch R et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29897866 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1800389 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-05 | More linoleic acid (seed oils) linked to less heart disease Farvid MS et al.. Circulation 2014 · PMID 25161045 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.114.010236 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-06 | Old corn-oil trial: cholesterol fell but deaths did not Ramsden CE et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27071971 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i1246 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-07 | Some experts argue saturated fat limits are outdated Astrup A et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2020 · PMID 32562735 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2020.05.077 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-08 | WHO: keep saturated fat at or below 10% of energy World Health Organization. WHO guideline 2023 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-101 | More butter linked to higher mortality; plant oils to lower Zhang Y et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2025 · PMID 40048719 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2025.0205 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-102 | Swapping ghee for rapeseed oil improved fatty liver and cholesterol Maleki Sedgi F et al.. Br J Nutr 2024 · PMID 38501177 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114524000564 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-103 | Iranian study: ghee not linked to heart events; hydrogenated oil linked to heart attacks Sadeghi M et al.. Int J Food Sci Nutr 2021 · PMID 33719857 · DOI 10.1080/09637486.2021.1895725 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-104 | Cohorts did not link saturated fat to heart disease; trans fat was linked de Souza RJ et al.. BMJ 2015 · PMID 26268692 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h3978 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-105 | Olive oil users lived longer in US cohorts Guasch-Ferre M et al.. J Am Coll Cardiol 2022 · PMID 35027106 · DOI 10.1016/j.jacc.2021.10.041 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-106 | Some Egyptian olive oil contained illegal dyes Ragab M et al.. Food Chem 2025 · PMID 40446662 · DOI 10.1016/j.foodchem.2025.144924 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-107 | Omega-6 oils: no clear heart benefit or harm in trials Hooper L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 30488422 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011094.pub4 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-108 | Old Australian trial: safflower oil instead of animal fat raised deaths Ramsden CE et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23386268 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e8707 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FAT-109 | In older people, higher LDL was not linked to earlier death in cohort studies Ravnskov U et al.. BMJ Open 2016 · PMID 27292972 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2015-010401 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-FAT-110 | Lowering LDL cholesterol prevents heart attacks and strokes at all ages Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30712900 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31942-1 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FAT-111 | Butter raises LDL cholesterol more than cheese with the same fat Pradeilles R et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37717700 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.09.003 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-01 | Which fruits are linked to diabetes? Muraki I et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23990623 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.f5001 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-02 | Sugary drinks, juice and diabetes Imamura F et al.. BMJ 2015 · PMID 26199070 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.h3576 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-03 | Fruits, vegetables and diabetes Halvorsen RE et al.. BMJ Nutr Prev Health 2021 · PMID 35028521 · DOI 10.1136/bmjnph-2020-000218 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-04 | Glycaemic index of dates Alkaabi JM et al.. Nutr J 2011 · PMID 21619670 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-10-59 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-05 | Poisoning from bitter zucchini Jung C et al.. Dtsch Med Wochenschr 2020 · PMID 32668470 · DOI 10.1055/a-1163-9741 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-FRU-06 | WHO limit on free sugars World Health Organization. WHO (web) 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-101 | Fruit juice and type 2 diabetes Lee CW et al.. Am J Med 2025 · PMID 40393612 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2025.05.021 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-102 | 100% fruit juice and blood sugar markers Murphy MM et al.. J Nutr Sci 2017 · PMID 29299307 · DOI 10.1017/jns.2017.63 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-FRU-103 | Fruit juice and weight Nguyen M et al.. JAMA Pediatr 2024 · PMID 38227336 · DOI 10.1001/jamapediatrics.2023.6124 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-104 | AAP advice on fruit juice for children Heyman MB, Abrams SA (AAP). Pediatrics 2017 · PMID 28562300 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2017-0967 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-105 | Should people with type 2 diabetes cut down on fruit? Christensen AS et al.. Nutr J 2013 · PMID 23497350 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-12-29 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-106 | Fresh fruit and diabetes in half a million Chinese adults Du H et al.. PLoS Med 2017 · PMID 28399126 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002279 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-107 | Dates and blood sugar in type 2 diabetes Butler AE et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 36079749 · DOI 10.3390/nu14173491 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-108 | Glycaemic index of 17 date varieties AlGeffari MA et al.. Ann Saudi Med 2016 · PMID 27920411 · DOI 10.5144/0256-4947.2016.397 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-109 | Fruit, fruit glycaemic load and diabetes in Korean adults Ha AW. Nutr Res Pract 2026 · PMID 41694466 · DOI 10.4162/nrp.2026.20.1.101 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-110 | Where does the watermelon come from? Renner SS et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021 · PMID 34031154 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2101486118 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-111 | Why cucumbers and melons are not bitter Shang Y et al.. Science 2014 · PMID 25430763 · DOI 10.1126/science.1259215 | Laboratory / cell study | high | not applicable |
| I-FRU-112 | Poisoning from bitter bottle gourd juice Puri R et al.. Indian J Gastroenterol 2011 · PMID 21986853 · DOI 10.1007/s12664-011-0110-z | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-FRU-113 | Does peeling or washing remove pesticide residues? Keikotlhaile BM et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 2010 · PMID 19879312 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2009.10.031 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-114 | Antioxidants in apple peels Wolfe K et al.. J Agric Food Chem 2003 · PMID 12537430 · DOI 10.1021/jf020782a | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-115 | 100% fruit juice and heart risk D'Elia L et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 33150530 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02426-7 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FRU-116 | 6,000-year-old watermelon seeds Pérez-Escobar OA et al.. Mol Biol Evol 2022 · PMID 35907246 · DOI 10.1093/molbev/msac168 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-01 | Omega-3 in Scottish farmed salmon 2006-2015 Sprague M et al.. Sci Rep 2016 · PMID 26899924 · DOI 10.1038/srep21892 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-02 | Wild vs farmed Atlantic salmon (Norway 2017) Lundebye AK et al.. Environ Res 2017 · PMID 28189073 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2017.01.026 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-03 | Fish: benefits vs contaminant risks (2006) Mozaffarian D & Rimm EB. JAMA 2006 · PMID 17047219 · DOI 10.1001/jama.296.15.1885 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-04 | Fish in pregnancy and child development Hibbeln JR et al.. Lancet 2007 · PMID 17307104 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)60277-3 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-05 | Health effects of low mercury exposure Karagas MR et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2012 · PMID 22275730 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1104494 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-06 | Global antibiotic use in fish farming Schar D et al.. Sci Rep 2020 · PMID 33318576 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-020-78849-3 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-07 | Pesticides and antibiotics in Nile tilapia (Egypt) Eissa F et al.. Toxicol Rep 2020 · PMID 33384941 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2020.03.004 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-08 | Metals in Egyptian farmed tilapia Shaaban NA et al.. Environ Res 2021 · PMID 34043970 · DOI 10.1016/j.envres.2021.111358 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-09 | Metals in Egyptian pond fish Abbas MMM et al.. Biol Trace Elem Res 2024 · PMID 38129339 · DOI 10.1007/s12011-023-04007-1 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-10 | Drain water and farmed tilapia (Egypt 2026) Farahat Abdelmawla M et al.. Toxicol Rep 2026 · PMID 42662802 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2026.102331 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-101 | FAO/WHO 2024: benefits and risks of eating fish FAO/WHO. FAO/WHO report 2024 · DOI 10.4060/cd2394en | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-102 | FAO/WHO 2010: fish benefits outweigh risks in most cases FAO/WHO. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture Report 2011 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-103 | FDA/EPA fish advice for pregnancy and children US FDA and US EPA. FDA website 2021 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-104 | Seafood in pregnancy and child brain development Hibbeln JR et al.. Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 2019 · PMID 31739098 · DOI 10.1016/j.plefa.2019.10.002 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-105 | Mercury from seafood in women and babies worldwide Sheehan MC et al.. Bull World Health Organ 2014 · PMID 24700993 · DOI 10.2471/BLT.12.116152 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-106 | Metals in sea fish from Damietta, Egypt Makroum AH et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 41526512 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-33257-3 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-107 | Salmon fed rapeseed oil still raised omega-3 levels in people de Roos B et al.. Eur J Nutr 2021 · PMID 33015732 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-020-02396-w | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-108 | Fish-oil-fed salmon helped heart patients more than rapeseed-oil-fed salmon Seierstad SL et al.. Eur J Clin Invest 2005 · PMID 15638820 · DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2362.2005.01443.x | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-109 | Omega-6 linoleic acid does not raise inflammation markers Johnson GH, Fritsche K. J Acad Nutr Diet 2012 · PMID 22889633 · DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2012.03.029 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-11 | Antibiotics from poultry manure to fish (Egypt) Mahmoud MAM & Abdel-Mohsein HS. Environ Pollut 2019 · PMID 31521994 · DOI 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113039 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-110 | Farmed salmon in US shops now has more omega-6 and less omega-3 Bukowski MR et al.. Front Nutr 2026 · PMID 42609372 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2026.1870100 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-111 | Norwegian wild salmon carried more pollutants than farmed salmon Jensen IJ et al.. Foods 2020 · PMID 33352671 · DOI 10.3390/foods9121901 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-112 | Chicken manure in Egyptian fish ponds: no benefit, more resistance genes Nyberg O et al.. Aquaculture 2024 · DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2024.741040 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-113 | River tilapia carried more metals than farmed tilapia (Pakistan) Suleman R et al.. Sci Rep 2025 · PMID 39934286 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-87152-y | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-114 | Aquaculture 20 years on Naylor RL et al.. Nature 2021 · PMID 33762770 · DOI 10.1038/s41586-021-03308-6 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-115 | Sea-lice drug harms seabed life near Norwegian salmon farms Arnberg M et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2026 · PMID 41566218 · DOI 10.1021/acs.est.5c11181 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-116 | Shellfish allergy affects about 3 in 100 US adults Gupta RS et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2019 · PMID 30646188 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2018.5630 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-117 | Review on hormones in fish farming Islam P et al.. Toxicol Rep 2024 · PMID 39323426 · DOI 10.1016/j.toxrep.2024.101733 | Narrative review | very low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-118 | Fish farming still eats a lot of wild fish Majluf P et al.. Sci Adv 2024 · PMID 39413173 · DOI 10.1126/sciadv.adn5650 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-119 | How common is shrimp allergy? Chen J et al.. Front Allergy 2025 · PMID 40958988 · DOI 10.3389/falgy.2025.1635274 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-12 | Poultry manure in fish farms Abu-Elala N et al.. Lett Appl Microbiol 2015 · PMID 26280543 · DOI 10.1111/lam.12484 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-13 | Antibiotic use in Egyptian tilapia farms Desbois AP et al.. Aquaculture 2021 · PMID 34276104 · DOI 10.1016/j.aquaculture.2021.736735 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-FSH-14 | Metals in Egyptian market sea fish (2023-2024) Elshebrawy HA et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42632867 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-67201-w | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-15 | Toxic metals in North African seafood (meta-analysis) Nahal A & Mehouel F. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2026 · PMID 42250752 · DOI 10.1016/j.yrtph.2026.106156 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-16 | How common is fish and shellfish allergy? Moonesinghe H et al.. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2016 · PMID 27613460 · DOI 10.1016/j.anai.2016.07.015 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-FSH-17 | EFSA: dioxins in food (2018) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) et al.. EFSA J 2018 · PMID 32625737 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5333 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-18 | EFSA: PFAS in food (2020) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (EFSA CONTAM Panel) et al.. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32994824 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6223 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-19 | EFSA: PFOS and PFOA (2018) EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM) et al.. EFSA J 2018 · PMID 32625773 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5194 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-20 | EFSA: mercury in food (2012) EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J / EFSA press release 2012 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2012.2985 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-FSH-21 | EFSA: fish benefits vs mercury (2015) EFSA Scientific Committee. EFSA J / EFSA press release 2015 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3982 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-01 | Is it gluten or another wheat component? Skodje GI et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29102613 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.040 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-02 | European guideline for coeliac disease Al-Toma A et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2019 · PMID 31210940 · DOI 10.1177/2050640619844125 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-03 | White rice and diabetes in 21 countries Bhavadharini B et al.. Diabetes Care 2020 · PMID 32873587 · DOI 10.2337/dc19-2335 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-04 | Potatoes, fries and diabetes Mousavi SM et al.. BMJ 2025 · PMID 40769531 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2024-082121 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-05 | Fried potatoes and mortality Veronese N et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2017 · PMID 28592612 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.117.154872 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-GRN-06 | EU food safety assessment of arsenic EFSA CONTAM Panel. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38239496 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8488 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-07 | Glycaemic index tables Atkinson FS et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2021 · PMID 34258626 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab233 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-101 | Most people who think they react to gluten do not react in blinded tests Molina-Infante J et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2017 · PMID 27523634 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2016.08.007 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-102 | Expecting gluten causes more symptoms than gluten itself de Graaf MCG et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2024 · PMID 38040019 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(23)00317-5 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-103 | Some people with wheat sensitivity show signs of gut damage in blood tests Uhde M et al.. Gut 2016 · PMID 27459152 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2016-311964 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-104 | Coeliac disease affects about 1 in 190 Egyptian children Abu-Zekry M et al.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2008 · PMID 18664863 · DOI 10.1097/MPG.0b013e31815ce5d1 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-105 | US specialist guideline on coeliac disease (2023) Rubio-Tapia A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2023 · PMID 36602836 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000002075 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-106 | UK guideline: test for coeliac disease before cutting out gluten National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline NG20 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-107 | Even 50 mg of gluten a day harms the gut in coeliac disease Catassi C et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2007 · PMID 17209192 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/85.1.160 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-108 | Two weeks of gluten damages the gut in coeliac disease even when symptoms fade Leffler D et al.. Gut 2013 · PMID 22619366 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2012-302196 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-109 | Unhealed gut in coeliac disease is linked to more lymphoma Lebwohl B et al.. Ann Intern Med 2013 · PMID 23922062 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-159-3-201308060-00006 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-110 | Most coeliac patients back on gluten have hidden gut damage Matysiak-Budnik T et al.. Gut 2007 · PMID 17303598 · DOI 10.1136/gut.2006.100511 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-GRN-111 | Pure oats seem safe for most people with coeliac disease Pinto-Sánchez MI et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28431885 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.009 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-112 | Certified gluten-free flour is much cleaner than loose "naturally gluten-free" flour Öcal HY et al.. Front Nutr 2025 · PMID 41459067 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2025.1707584 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-113 | Some coeliac patients make antibodies against corn protein Sánchez-Vargas LA et al.. Nutrients 2021 · PMID 33671228 · DOI 10.3390/nu13020649 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-GRN-114 | In Iran, very high white rice intake was linked to diabetes in one of two cohorts Golozar A et al.. BMC Public Health 2017 · PMID 28137245 · DOI 10.1186/s12889-016-3999-4 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-115 | Rice eating was not linked to heart disease in 200,000 Americans Muraki I et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527760 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.114.087551 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-GRN-116 | Half a cup of rice a day adds arsenic like drinking water at the legal limit Gilbert-Diamond D et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2011 · PMID 22143778 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.1109127108 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-117 | Egyptian rice had the lowest arsenic levels of 10 countries tested Meharg AA et al.. Environ Sci Technol 2009 · PMID 19350943 · DOI 10.1021/es802612a | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-118 | Rice was not clearly linked to cancer in US women Sanchez TR et al.. Cancer Causes Control 2020 · PMID 32974796 · DOI 10.1007/s10552-020-01350-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-119 | French fries were linked to high blood pressure, chips were not Borgi L et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27189229 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i2351 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-120 | Potatoes overall were not linked to heart disease; fried potatoes slightly to high blood pressure Djousse L et al.. Nutrients 2025 · PMID 39940309 · DOI 10.3390/nu17030451 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-121 | Chips and fries were the foods most linked to weight gain Mozaffarian D et al.. N Engl J Med 2011 · PMID 21696306 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1014296 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GRN-122 | Freekeh is a high-fibre whole-grain wheat food Aluthge S et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2026 · PMID 40622358 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2025.2528741 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-GRN-123 | Some local freekeh had mycotoxin levels above EU limits Mudalal S. Toxins (Basel) 2024 · PMID 39591254 · DOI 10.3390/toxins16110499 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-01 | Maastricht VI: H. pylori management Malfertheiner P et al.. Gut 2022 · PMID 35944925 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2022-327745 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-02 | Treating H. pylori prevents ulcers returning (Cochrane) Ford AC et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2016 · PMID 27092708 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003840.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-03 | H. pylori treatment and stomach cancer Ford AC et al.. Gut 2020 · PMID 32205420 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2020-320839 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-04 | Wheat fructans, not gluten, cause symptoms Skodje GI et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29102613 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.10.040 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-05 | ACG IBS guideline Lacy BE et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2021 · PMID 33315591 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001036 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-06 | When abdominal pressure becomes dangerous Kirkpatrick AW et al.. Intensive Care Med 2013 · PMID 23673399 · DOI 10.1007/s00134-013-2906-z | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-07 | Dietary fibre and health Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-08 | Fermented foods and the immune system Wastyk HC et al.. Cell 2021 · PMID 34256014 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2021.06.019 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-09 | Diet and multiple sclerosis (Cochrane) Parks NE et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32428983 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004192.pub4 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-10 | EULAR 2023 lupus treatment Fanouriakis A et al.. Ann Rheum Dis 2024 · PMID 37827694 · DOI 10.1136/ard-2023-224762 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-102 | Which diets help irritable bowel syndrome Cuffe MS et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025 · PMID 40258374 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00054-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-103 | Three diets for IBS worked about equally Rej A et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 · PMID 35240330 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2022.02.045 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-104 | Many IBS patients improve on placebo Bosman M et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2021 · PMID 33765447 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(21)00023-6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-105 | Healthy habits linked with less heartburn Mehta RS et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2021 · PMID 33393976 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2020.7238 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-106 | What lifestyle changes help reflux Ness-Jensen E et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2016 · PMID 25956834 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2015.04.176 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-107 | Going to bed soon after dinner linked to reflux Fujiwara Y et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2005 · PMID 16393212 · DOI 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2005.00354.x | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-108 | UK guideline on heartburn and indigestion National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline CG184 2014 (last updated 18 October 2019) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-109 | Warning signs that need a doctor National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline NG12 2015 (last updated 15 April 2026) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-110 | UK guideline on irritable bowel syndrome National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline CG61 2008 (last updated 04 April 2017) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-111 | Antibiotic resistance makes some H. pylori treatments fail Savoldi A et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29990487 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.07.007 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-112 | H. pylori treatments in Egypt cure about 70-79% Shekeban YM et al.. Sci Rep 2025 · PMID 40341536 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-025-98606-8 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-113 | Normal belly pressure in healthy people Cobb WS et al.. J Surg Res 2005 · PMID 16140336 · DOI 10.1016/j.jss.2005.06.015 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-114 | Why the belly swells in bloating Barba E et al.. Gastroenterology 2015 · PMID 25500424 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2014.12.006 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-115 | Not all gut fermentation is equal Yao CK et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2016 · PMID 26527169 · DOI 10.1111/apt.13456 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-116 | Drinking more water reduced bladder infections Hooton TM et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 30285042 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4204 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-117 | More water did not slow kidney disease Clark WF et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29801012 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.4930 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-118 | Chewing affects how much fat is released from nuts Grundy MM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2015 · PMID 25527747 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.114.088328 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-GUT-119 | Food-ball blockages are rare and need special risk factors Wang PY et al.. World J Gastroenterol 2015 · PMID 26361425 · DOI 10.3748/wjg.v21.i33.9774 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-GUT-120 | In a blind test, wheat was not clearly worse than a fake Seiler CL et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025 · PMID 40706614 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00090-1 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-GUT-122 | Treating H. pylori prevents stomach cancer Ford AC et al.. Gastroenterology 2025 · PMID 39824392 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.12.033 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-01 | ADVANCE: intensive control to HbA1c 6.5% ADVANCE Collaborative Group; Patel A et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18539916 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0802987 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-02 | UKPDS legacy: 10 years after the trial Holman RR et al.. N Engl J Med 2008 · PMID 18784090 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa0806470 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-03 | DCCT: better insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes Diabetes Control and Complications Trial Research Group; Nathan DM et al.. N Engl J Med 1993 · PMID 8366922 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199309303291401 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-04 | How much long-term blood sugar matters (UKPDS 35) Stratton IM et al.. BMJ 2000 · PMID 10938048 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.321.7258.405 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-05 | Glargine and cancer in a randomised trial Bordeleau L et al.. Diabetes Care 2014 · PMID 24574355 · DOI 10.2337/dc13-1468 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-06 | Pooled studies of glargine and cancer Tang X et al.. PLoS One 2012 · PMID 23284776 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0051814 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-07 | International guideline on diabetic ketoacidosis Umpierrez GE et al.. Diabetes Care 2024 · PMID 39052901 · DOI 10.2337/dci24-0032 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-08 | Review on diabetic ketoacidosis Dhatariya KK et al.. Nat Rev Dis Primers 2020 · PMID 32409703 · DOI 10.1038/s41572-020-0165-1 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-09 | Low-fat vs low-carb in a metabolic ward Hall KD et al.. Cell Metab 2015 · PMID 26278052 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2015.07.021 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-10 | ADA guideline 2026: blood sugar goals and emergencies American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes* . Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358894 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S006 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-101 | What happened to people with diabetes before insulin existed Mazur A. Nutr J 2011 · PMID 21396115 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-10-23 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-102 | How many people have type 1 diabetes worldwide and how long they live Gregory GA et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2022 · PMID 36113507 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(22)00218-2 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-103 | Blood sugar control and death in type 1 diabetes in Sweden Lind M et al.. N Engl J Med 2014 · PMID 25409370 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1408214 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-104 | Long-term survival after intensive insulin treatment in type 1 diabetes Writing Group for the DCCT/EDIC Research Group et al.. JAMA 2015 · PMID 25562265 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.16107 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-105 | Blood sugar control in childhood type 1 diabetes and adult height Smew AI et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2025 · PMID 39556501 · DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgae809 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-106 | Height of children with type 1 diabetes and their insulin treatment Svensson J et al.. Pediatr Diabetes 2018 · PMID 30105887 · DOI 10.1111/pedi.12751 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-107 | Growth failure from poorly controlled type 1 diabetes in Sudan Ismail MM et al.. Pediatr Diabetes 2025 · PMID 40904852 · DOI 10.1155/pedi/7047312 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-108 | Stopping insulin is the main cause of ketoacidosis in an urban US hospital Musey VC et al.. Diabetes Care 1995 · PMID 7497857 · DOI 10.2337/diacare.18.4.483 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-109 | Why people with diabetes end up in hospital with ketoacidosis again and again Randall L et al.. Diabetes Care 2011 · PMID 21775761 · DOI 10.2337/dc11-0701 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-110 | How fast to give drip fluids to children with ketoacidosis Kuppermann N et al.. N Engl J Med 2018 · PMID 29897851 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1716816 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-111 | Why young people with type 1 diabetes die in Scotland O'Reilly JE et al.. Diabetologia 2020 · PMID 32451572 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-020-05173-w | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-112 | Fasting, lack of water and ketoacidosis in type 1 diabetes Burge MR et al.. Metabolism 2001 · PMID 11229425 · DOI 10.1053/meta.2001.20194 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-113 | A small Chinese trial of dexamethasone in ketoacidosis with pancreatitis Zhang J et al.. Medicine (Baltimore) 2023 · PMID 37832092 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000035320 | Randomised controlled trial | very low | not applicable |
| I-INS-114 | Children with ketoacidosis in Middle Eastern intensive care units Ali NM et al.. Cureus 2026 · PMID 41859577 · DOI 10.7759/cureus.103735 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-115 | Ketoacidosis in Egyptian children with type 1 diabetes during COVID-19 Abdou M et al.. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2022 · PMID 35360079 · DOI 10.3389/fendo.2022.814991 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-116 | What happens to muscle energy when insulin is withheld in type 1 diabetes Karakelides H et al.. Diabetes 2007 · PMID 17660267 · DOI 10.2337/db07-0378 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-117 | Calories, carbohydrates and body fat in controlled feeding studies Hall KD, Guo J. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28193517 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.052 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-118 | Low-carbohydrate diets and calories burned after weight loss Ebbeling CB et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 30429127 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.k4583 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-119 | Low-fat plant diet versus ketogenic animal diet: how much people eat Hall KD et al.. Nat Med 2021 · PMID 33479499 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-020-01209-1 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-120 | Mice that cannot overproduce insulin do not get fat on a high-fat diet Mehran AE et al.. Cell Metab 2012 · PMID 23217255 · DOI 10.1016/j.cmet.2012.10.019 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-121 | Genes for higher insulin levels and heart disease Huang X et al.. BMC Med 2025 · PMID 40442727 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-025-04127-6 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-122 | Insulin in type 2 diabetes: what randomised trials show Erpeldinger S et al.. BMC Endocr Disord 2016 · PMID 27391319 · DOI 10.1186/s12902-016-0120-z | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-123 | ACCORD nine years later ACCORD Study Group. Diabetes Care 2016 · PMID 26822326 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-2283 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-124 | Long-term glargine use and breast cancer in UK women Wu JW et al.. J Clin Oncol 2017 · PMID 28953430 · DOI 10.1200/JCO.2017.73.4491 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-125 | Glargine and breast cancer in older US women Bradley MC et al.. Diabetes Care 2020 · PMID 32075848 · DOI 10.2337/dc19-0614 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-126 | How good is the evidence on long-acting insulin and cancer? Wu JW et al.. Diabetes Care 2016 · PMID 26740633 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-1816 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-127 | Glargine, prior insulin use and breast cancer Peeters PJ et al.. Acta Oncol 2016 · PMID 27150973 · DOI 10.3109/0284186X.2016.1155736 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-128 | Who can stop insulin after a first episode of ketoacidosis? Raubenheimer PJ et al.. Diabetologia 2024 · PMID 38240751 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-023-06067-3 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INS-129 | Ketoacidosis during very-low-carbohydrate diets Roberts CGP et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2025 · PMID 39996364 · DOI 10.1111/dom.16252 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-INS-130 | US diabetes standards 2026: hospital care and ketoacidosis American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358892 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S016 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-131 | US diabetes standards 2026: children and adolescents American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358890 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S014 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-132 | US diabetes standards 2026: what type 1 diabetes is American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358893 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S002 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-133 | European and US consensus 2026 on type 1 diabetes in adults Holt RIG et al.. Diabetologia 2026 · PMID 42747450 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-026-06833-z | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-134 | NICE guideline NG17: Type 1 diabetes in adults: diagnosis and management National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-135 | NICE guideline NG18: Diabetes (type 1 and type 2) in children and young people: diagnosis and management National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-136 | UK protocol for treating ketoacidosis in adults Dhatariya KK et al. (JBDS-IP). Diabet Med 2022 · PMID 35224769 · DOI 10.1111/dme.14788 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INS-137 | WHO: key facts on diabetes World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2024 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTA-01 | Does tea cause heartburn? Cao H et al.. Medicine 2019 · PMID 30681584 · DOI 10.1097/MD.0000000000014173 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-02 | Do tea drinkers live shorter or longer? Kim Y et al.. Epidemiology and health 2024 · PMID 38938012 · DOI 10.4178/epih.e2024056 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-03 | Is tea good or bad for health overall? Yi M et al.. Molecular nutrition & food research 2019 · PMID 31216091 · DOI 10.1002/mnfr.201900389 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-04 | Does tea block iron from food? Disler PB et al.. Gut 1975 · PMID 1168162 · DOI 10.1136/gut.16.3.193 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-05 | Is there oxytocin in market milk? Mishra M et al.. Toxicology mechanisms and methods 2014 · PMID 24712660 · DOI 10.3109/15376516.2014.910851 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-06 | What does oxytocin do in dairy cows? Bruckmaier RM et al.. Journal of animal science 2008 · PMID 17709779 · DOI 10.2527/jas.2007-0335 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-07 | Which hormones make cows produce milk? Svennersten-Sjaunja K et al.. Domestic animal endocrinology 2005 · PMID 15876512 · DOI 10.1016/j.domaniend.2005.03.006 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-08 | Can short fasting periods help chemotherapy work? de Groot S et al.. Nature communications 2020 · PMID 32576828 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-020-16138-3 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-09 | What should cancer patients eat? Arends J et al.. Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) 2017 · PMID 27637832 · DOI 10.1016/j.clnu.2016.07.015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTA-10 | Does intermittent fasting help during chemotherapy? Maes J et al.. Supportive care in cancer : official journal of the Multinational Association of Supportive Care in Cancer 2025 · PMID 40970988 · DOI 10.1007/s00520-025-09907-7 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-11 | Why do modern chickens grow so fast? Zuidhof MJ et al.. Poultry science 2014 · PMID 25260522 · DOI 10.3382/ps.2014-04291 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-12 | What causes bad breath? Memon MA et al.. Oral diseases 2023 · PMID 35212093 · DOI 10.1111/odi.14172 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-13 | Do eggs cause dementia? Sultan N et al.. The journal of nutrition, health & aging 2025 · PMID 41061594 · DOI 10.1016/j.jnha.2025.100696 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-14 | How fast does basmati rice raise blood sugar? Gunathilaka MD et al.. The Ceylon medical journal 2015 · PMID 26132185 · DOI 10.4038/cmj.v60i2.7545 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-15 | Do rice varieties differ in blood-sugar effect? Nisanka T U et al.. The Ceylon medical journal 2016 · PMID 28076944 · DOI 10.4038/cmj.v61i4.8381 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-16 | Which rice is digested most slowly? Pereira CL et al.. Foods (Basel, Switzerland) 2023 · PMID 38201163 · DOI 10.3390/foods13010135 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTA-17 | Is all rice the same for blood sugar? Kaur B et al.. Critical reviews in food science and nutrition 2016 · PMID 25590950 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2012.717976 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTA-18 | Is oxytocin absorbed when swallowed? Taherali F et al.. Pharmaceutics 2023 · PMID 37514143 · DOI 10.3390/pharmaceutics15071956 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTB-01 | Review: how insulin works and how insulin resistance arises Petersen MC, Shulman GI. Physiol Rev 2018 · PMID 30067154 · DOI 10.1152/physrev.00063.2017 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-02 | Insulin resistance appears years before type 2 diabetes Warram JH et al.. Ann Intern Med 1990 · PMID 2240915 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-113-12-909 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-03 | Does too much insulin cause insulin resistance? Shanik MH et al.. Diabetes Care 2008 · PMID 18227495 · DOI 10.2337/dc08-s264 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTB-04 | Chemotherapy can activate tumour 'exit doors' in mice Karagiannis GS et al.. Sci Transl Med 2017 · PMID 28679654 · DOI 10.1126/scitranslmed.aan0026 | Animal study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-05 | Removing all armpit lymph nodes did not improve survival Fisher B et al.. N Engl J Med 2002 · PMID 12192016 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa020128 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-06 | Fewer lymph nodes removed, same survival Giuliano AE et al.. JAMA 2017 · PMID 28898379 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.11470 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-07 | Full lymph-node removal in melanoma did not extend life Faries MB et al.. N Engl J Med 2017 · PMID 28591523 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1613210 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-08 | Arm swelling after breast-cancer lymph-node surgery DiSipio T et al.. Lancet Oncol 2013 · PMID 23540561 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(13)70076-7 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-09 | Skipping transplant drugs often leads to losing the kidney Butler JA et al.. Transplantation 2004 · PMID 15021846 · DOI 10.1097/01.tp.0000110408.83054.88 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-10 | Stopping steroids early after transplant, while keeping other drugs Woodle ES et al.. Ann Surg 2008 · PMID 18936569 · DOI 10.1097/SLA.0b013e318187d1da | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-11 | International guideline for kidney-transplant care KDIGO Transplant Work Group. Am J Transplant 2009 · PMID 19845597 · DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2009.02834.x | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-12 | Global burden of chronic kidney disease GBD Chronic Kidney Disease Collaboration. Lancet 2020 · PMID 32061315 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30045-3 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-13 | Flu vaccines in healthy adults Demicheli V et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 29388196 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001269.pub6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-14 | How accurate are H. pylori tests? Best LM et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 29543326 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD012080.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-15 | 50 years of vaccination: lives saved Shattock AJ et al.. Lancet 2024 · PMID 38705159 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00850-X | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-16 | Measles-mumps-rubella vaccines work and are safe Di Pietrantonj C et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 · PMID 34806766 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004407.pub5 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-17 | Vaccines do not cause autism Taylor LE, Swerdfeger AL, Eslick GD. Vaccine 2014 · PMID 24814559 · DOI 10.1016/j.vaccine.2014.04.085 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-18 | Statins: what 26 trials show CTT Collaboration, Baigent C et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 21067804 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(10)61350-5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-19 | Do statins cause muscle pain? Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' Collaboration. Lancet 2022 · PMID 36049498 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)01545-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-20 | Statins slightly raise diabetes risk Sattar N et al.. Lancet 2010 · PMID 20167359 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)61965-6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTB-21 | Even one cigarette a day harms the heart Hackshaw A et al.. BMJ 2018 · PMID 29367388 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.j5855 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-22 | Cortisol rises during pregnancy Jung C et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2011 · PMID 21367926 · DOI 10.1210/jc.2010-2395 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTB-23 | Abdominal pressure in pregnancy Chun R, Kirkpatrick AW. Ann Intensive Care 2012 · PMID 22873421 · DOI 10.1186/2110-5820-2-S1-S5 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-01 | Why the body needs water Popkin BM et al.. Nutr Rev 2010 · PMID 20646222 · DOI 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2010.00304.x | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-02 | Too little and too much can both harm Renwick AG et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 2004 · PMID 15500928 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2004.07.013 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-03 | US diabetes guideline on food and lifestyle American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358898 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S005 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-04 | International guideline on lupus kidney disease Rovin BH et al.. Kidney Int 2024 · PMID 38182299 · DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2023.09.001 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-05 | What causes a blocked small intestine Ten Broek RPG et al.. World J Emerg Surg 2018 · PMID 29946347 · DOI 10.1186/s13017-018-0185-2 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-06 | How meals trigger insulin Nauck MA et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2018 · PMID 29364588 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13129 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-07 | Why chewing and saliva matter Pedersen AM et al.. Oral Dis 2002 · PMID 12108756 · DOI 10.1034/j.1601-0825.2002.02851.x | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-08 | Food balls that block the gut are rare Iwamuro M et al.. World J Gastrointest Endosc 2015 · PMID 25901212 · DOI 10.4253/wjge.v7.i4.336 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-09 | Weight-loss surgery and rheumatoid arthritis Maglio C et al.. Rheumatology (Oxford) 2020 · PMID 31321442 · DOI 10.1093/rheumatology/kez275 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-10 | Bowel inflammation after weight-loss surgery Mian A et al.. Surgeon 2023 · PMID 35660070 · DOI 10.1016/j.surge.2022.04.008 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-11 | Fibromyalgia and obesity D'Onghia M et al.. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2021 · PMID 33676126 · DOI 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2021.02.007 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-INTC-12 | Breastfeeding and appendicitis Alves JG et al.. Trop Doct 2008 · PMID 18820196 · DOI 10.1258/td.2008.070404 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-13 | What is linked to sleep apnoea in children Xu Z et al.. J Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2020 · PMID 32131901 · DOI 10.1186/s40463-020-0404-1 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-INTC-14 | Benefits of breastfeeding Victora CG et al.. Lancet 2016 · PMID 26869575 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01024-7 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-INTC-15 | Instant noodles and metabolic health in Korea Shin HJ et al.. J Nutr 2014 · PMID 24966409 · DOI 10.3945/jn.113.188441 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-01 | Legumes and death rates Zargarzadeh N et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 36811595 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2022.10.009 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-02 | Beans and lentils lower LDL cholesterol Ha V et al.. CMAJ 2014 · PMID 24710915 · DOI 10.1503/cmaj.131727 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-03 | Legumes and inflammation marker CRP Salehi-Abargouei A et al.. Nutrition 2015 · PMID 25837205 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2014.10.018 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-04 | Legumes and heart disease Afshin A et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24898241 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.113.076901 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-05 | Favism in Egyptian children Hagag AA et al.. Endocr Metab Immune Disord Drug Targets 2018 · PMID 28982343 · DOI 10.2174/1871530317666171003160350 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-06 | G6PD deficiency in jaundiced Egyptian newborns Abo El Fotoh WM et al.. J Matern Fetal Neonatal Med 2016 · PMID 26866975 · DOI 10.3109/14767058.2016.1148133 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-07 | G6PD deficiency in Egyptian oases Hussein L et al.. Biochem Genet 1992 · PMID 1590743 · DOI 10.1007/BF02399702 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-08 | G6PD deficiency review (Blood 2020) Luzzatto L et al.. Blood 2020 · PMID 32702756 · DOI 10.1182/blood.2019000944 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-09 | Global G6PD prevalence Nkhoma ET et al.. Blood Cells Mol Dis 2009 · PMID 19233695 · DOI 10.1016/j.bcmd.2008.12.005 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-10 | Adults fed soy formula as babies Strom BL et al.. JAMA 2001 · PMID 11497534 · DOI 10.1001/jama.286.7.807 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-101 | How common is G6PD deficiency in Arab countries? Alangari AS et al.. J Clin Med 2023 · PMID 37892786 · DOI 10.3390/jcm12206648 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-102 | G6PD deficiency in Egyptian newborns Elella SA et al.. Ann Saudi Med 2017 · PMID 28988250 · DOI 10.5144/0256-4947.2017.362 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-103 | Haemolytic crises in Egyptian children Badr MSEM et al.. Pediatr Emerg Care 2020 · PMID 32108744 · DOI 10.1097/PEC.0000000000002053 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-104 | G6PD deficiency in six Middle Eastern groups in Kuwait Usanga EA, Ameen R. Hum Hered 2000 · PMID 10686492 · DOI 10.1159/000022906 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-105 | Fava-bean versus other triggers in children with G6PD deficiency Prashanth GP et al.. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2025 · PMID 39956941 · DOI 10.1002/pbc.31609 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-106 | Favism at different ages Beretta A et al.. Nutrients 2023 · PMID 36678214 · DOI 10.3390/nu15020343 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-107 | Which medicines are risky in G6PD deficiency (CPIC guideline) Gammal RS et al.. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2023 · PMID 36049896 · DOI 10.1002/cpt.2735 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-108 | Medicines and G6PD deficiency: what is the evidence? Youngster I et al.. Drug Saf 2010 · PMID 20701405 · DOI 10.2165/11536520-000000000-00000 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-109 | Antibiotics and haemolysis in G6PD deficiency Lavon O et al.. J Antimicrob Chemother 2026 · PMID 42522747 · DOI 10.1093/jac/dkag265 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-11 | Early peanut prevents allergy Du Toit G et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 25705822 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1414850 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-110 | NHS hospital advice for parents of children with G6PD deficiency King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust. Patient information leaflet 2022 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-111 | Legumes, heart disease and diabetes (Nordic review) Thorisdottir B et al.. Food Nutr Res 2023 · PMID 37288088 · DOI 10.29219/fnr.v67.9541 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-112 | Legumes and type 2 diabetes in 27 cohorts Pearce M et al.. J Nutr 2021 · PMID 33693815 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxaa447 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-113 | Pulses and blood sugar: 65 trials Hafiz MS et al.. Eur J Nutr 2022 · PMID 34585281 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-021-02685-y | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-114 | Legumes and inflammation markers Mansouri F et al.. J Nutr Biochem 2024 · PMID 39103105 · DOI 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2024.109718 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-115 | Legumes and inflammatory bowel disease Lopes EW et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2025 · PMID 40037780 · DOI 10.1093/ibd/izaf032 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-116 | Alfalfa seeds and lupus-like disease in monkeys Bardana EJ et al.. Am J Kidney Dis 1982 · PMID 6178289 · DOI 10.1016/s0272-6386(82)80005-x | Animal study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-117 | Diet and the risk of rheumatoid arthritis Bäcklund R et al.. Semin Arthritis Rheum 2023 · PMID 36379128 · DOI 10.1016/j.semarthrit.2022.152118 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-118 | Kidney-bean lectin outbreak in a French canteen Watier-Grillot S et al.. Toxins (Basel) 2023 · PMID 37505726 · DOI 10.3390/toxins15070457 | Outbreak report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-119 | Does cooking destroy bean lectins? Nciri N et al.. J Med Food 2015 · PMID 26355953 · DOI 10.1089/jmf.2014.0120 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-12 | Food allergy deaths in the UK Baseggio Conrado A et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 33597169 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.n251 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-120 | Are 'anti-nutrients' really harmful? Petroski W, Minich DM. Nutrients 2020 · PMID 32987890 · DOI 10.3390/nu12102929 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-121 | Bean lectin and the gut barrier in cells and rats Dokladny K et al.. J Nutr Sci 2025 · PMID 40692554 · DOI 10.1017/jns.2025.10017 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-LEG-122 | Phytate lowers iron absorption from beans Petry N et al.. J Nutr 2014 · PMID 25332466 · DOI 10.3945/jn.114.192989 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-123 | Iron-rich beans improved iron status Haas JD et al.. J Nutr 2016 · PMID 27358417 · DOI 10.3945/jn.115.224741 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-124 | Vegetarian diets and iron stores Haider LM et al.. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2018 · PMID 27880062 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2016.1259210 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-125 | Do beans really cause much gas? Winham DM, Hutchins AM. Nutr J 2011 · PMID 22104320 · DOI 10.1186/1475-2891-10-128 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-126 | Lentil meals for 8 weeks Wilson SMG et al.. Nutr Res 2022 · PMID 36122501 · DOI 10.1016/j.nutres.2022.08.002 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-127 | Anaemia in pregnant women in Egypt Azzam A et al.. BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2025 · PMID 39810098 · DOI 10.1186/s12884-024-07111-9 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-128 | Anaemia in Egyptian toddlers Austin AM et al.. Matern Child Nutr 2012 · PMID 21951327 · DOI 10.1111/j.1740-8709.2011.00339.x | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-129 | Soy formula and reproductive organs at age 5 Andres A et al.. J Nutr 2015 · PMID 25761499 · DOI 10.3945/jn.114.206201 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-13 | Low-FODMAP diet for IBS Black CJ et al.. Gut 2022 · PMID 34376515 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325214 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-130 | Soy formula in infancy and menstrual pain Upson K et al.. Hum Reprod 2019 · PMID 30412246 · DOI 10.1093/humrep/dey303 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-131 | Soy formula and uterine fibroids Upson K et al.. Environ Health Perspect 2016 · PMID 26565393 · DOI 10.1289/ehp.1510082 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-132 | European paediatric advice on soy formula ESPGHAN Committee on Nutrition. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2006 · PMID 16641572 · DOI 10.1097/01.mpg.0000189358.38427.cd | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-133 | AAP report on soy formula Bhatia J, Greer F. Pediatrics 2008 · PMID 18450914 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2008-0564 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-134 | Which FODMAPs trigger IBS symptoms? Van den Houte K et al.. Gastroenterology 2024 · PMID 38401741 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2024.02.008 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LEG-135 | US guideline: introduce peanut early Togias A et al.. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017 · PMID 28065278 · DOI 10.1016/j.jaci.2016.10.010 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-LEG-136 | Dietary guidelines in the Eastern Mediterranean Al-Jawaldeh A et al.. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2025 · PMID 41464425 · DOI 10.3390/ijerph22121790 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-101 | Eating less fat and body weight Hooper L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 32476140 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD013636 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-102 | Low-fat versus other diets for weight Tobias DK et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2015 · PMID 26527511 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(15)00367-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-104 | Do we burn less energy in modern life? McGrosky A et al.. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2025 · PMID 40658837 · DOI 10.1073/pnas.2420902122 | Cross-sectional study | high | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-105 | Less active jobs and weight gain Church TS et al.. PLoS One 2011 · PMID 21647427 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0019657 | Ecological study | low | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-106 | WHO physical activity guidelines Bull FC et al.. Br J Sports Med 2020 · PMID 33239350 · DOI 10.1136/bjsports-2020-102955 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-107 | How much sleep adults need Consensus Conference Panel, Watson NF et al.. J Clin Sleep Med 2015 · PMID 25979105 · DOI 10.5664/jcsm.4758 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-108 | What chronic short sleep does Van Dongen HP et al.. Sleep 2003 · PMID 12683469 · DOI 10.1093/sleep/26.2.117 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-109 | Night owls and heart disease Kianersi S et al.. J Am Heart Assoc 2026 · PMID 41603783 · DOI 10.1161/JAHA.125.044189 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-110 | Breathing exercises and stress Fincham GW et al.. Sci Rep 2023 · PMID 36624160 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-022-27247-y | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-LIFE-111 | Slow-breathing devices for high blood pressure Landman GW et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2014 · PMID 25222103 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2014.4336 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-01 | WHO cancer agency: processed meat causes bowel cancer, red meat probably does International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC). IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans, Vol. 114 2018 (evaluation 2015) | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-02 | Lancet Oncology summary of the IARC meat evaluation Bouvard V et al.. Lancet Oncol 2015 · PMID 26514947 · DOI 10.1016/S1470-2045(15)00444-1 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-03 | More red and processed meat, more bowel cancer Chan DS et al.. PLoS One 2011 · PMID 21674008 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0020456 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-04 | Cutting red meat changes cancer risk only slightly Han MA et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31569214 · DOI 10.7326/M19-0699 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-05 | A controversial panel: no strong reason to change meat intake Johnston BC et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31569235 · DOI 10.7326/M19-1621 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-06 | Too much vitamin A in early pregnancy linked to birth defects Rothman KJ et al.. N Engl J Med 1995 · PMID 7477116 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199511233332101 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-07 | NHS: avoid liver during pregnancy NHS (UK National Health Service). NHS website accessed 2026 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-08 | More meat, more gout; more dairy, less gout Choi HK et al.. N Engl J Med 2004 · PMID 15014182 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa035700 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-09 | Heme iron from meat linked to colon cancer Bastide NM et al.. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2011 · PMID 21209396 · DOI 10.1158/1940-6207.CAPR-10-0113 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-10 | Well-done, high-heat meat contains mutagens Zheng W et al.. Nutr Cancer 2009 · PMID 19838915 · DOI 10.1080/01635580802710741 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-101 | More red meat, more heart disease and diabetes in studies Shi W et al.. Eur Heart J 2023 · PMID 37264855 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehad336 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-102 | Evidence against unprocessed red meat is weak Lescinsky H et al.. Nat Med 2022 · PMID 36216940 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-022-01968-z | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-103 | Even small amounts of processed meat are linked to diabetes and bowel cancer Haile D et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 40588677 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-025-03775-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-104 | Cancer charity: at most about three portions of red meat a week World Cancer Research Fund. WCRF website (Cancer Prevention Recommendations, Third Expert Report) 2018 (page accessed 2026) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-105 | EFSA: eat liver at most once a month, never in pregnancy EFSA NDA Panel et al.. EFSA J 2024 · PMID 38846679 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8814 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-106 | One portion of beef liver can far exceed the vitamin A limit Praxedes de Aquino RC et al.. Ann Nutr Metab 2006 · PMID 16809900 · DOI 10.1159/000094295 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-107 | Gout guideline: limit purine-rich foods FitzGerald JD et al.. Arthritis Care Res (Hoboken) 2020 · PMID 32391934 · DOI 10.1002/acr.24180 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-108 | Illegal growth drug in beef caused acute poisoning in Italy Brambilla G et al.. Toxicol Lett 2000 · PMID 10713468 · DOI 10.1016/s0378-4274(99)00270-2 | Outbreak report | low | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-109 | Pre-cooking meat before frying sharply cuts harmful compounds Felton JS et al.. Food Chem Toxicol 1994 · PMID 7959444 · DOI 10.1016/0278-6915(94)90087-6 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-MEAT-110 | Frying boiled meat in saturated fat produced more harmful amines Pan T et al.. Int J Food Sci Technol 2020 · DOI 10.1111/ijfs.14368 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-01 | Metformin in overweight type 2 diabetes (UKPDS 34) UKPDS Group. Lancet 1998 · PMID 9742977 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-02 | Empagliflozin heart trial Zinman B et al.. N Engl J Med 2015 · PMID 26378978 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1504720 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-03 | Dapagliflozin (Forxiga) in kidney disease Heerspink HJL et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 32970396 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2024816 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-04 | Dapagliflozin in heart failure McMurray JJV et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 31535829 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1911303 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-05 | Canagliflozin in diabetic kidney disease Perkovic V et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30990260 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1811744 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-06 | Liraglutide heart trial Marso SP et al.. N Engl J Med 2016 · PMID 27295427 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1603827 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-07 | Semaglutide heart safety trial Marso SP et al.. N Engl J Med 2016 · PMID 27633186 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1607141 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-08 | Metformin and lactic acidosis: Cochrane review Salpeter SR et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010 · PMID 20393934 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD002967.pub4 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-09 | SGLT2 drugs and ketoacidosis Douros A et al.. Ann Intern Med 2020 · PMID 32716707 · DOI 10.7326/M20-0289 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-10 | Ketoacidosis with normal blood sugar on SGLT2 drugs Peters AL et al.. Diabetes Care 2015 · PMID 26078479 · DOI 10.2337/dc15-0843 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-101 | Metformin and blood acid build-up depend on kidney function Lazarus B et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 29868840 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.0292 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-102 | Lactic acidosis with metformin is rare, even with mild kidney disease Inzucchi SE et al.. JAMA 2014 · PMID 25536258 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2014.15298 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-103 | SGLT2 drugs roughly double the rare risk of ketoacidosis Colacci M et al.. Can J Diabetes 2022 · PMID 34116926 · DOI 10.1016/j.jcjd.2021.04.006 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-104 | Ketoacidosis on SGLT2 drugs often comes with only mildly raised sugar Sharma A et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2025 · PMID 40919651 · DOI 10.1111/dom.70098 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-105 | Forxiga in 17,160 people: fewer heart-failure admissions, rare ketoacidosis Wiviott SD et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415602 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1812389 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-106 | 13 large trials: SGLT2 drugs protect kidneys and heart; ketoacidosis rare Nuffield Department of Population Health Renal Studies Group; SMART-C Consortium. Lancet 2022 · PMID 36351458 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(22)02074-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-107 | 816 trials: what each diabetes drug class does and does not do Shi Q et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37024129 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-074068 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-108 | Very tight sugar control: fewer heart attacks, more severe low sugars Control Group (Turnbull FM et al.). Diabetologia 2009 · PMID 19655124 · DOI 10.1007/s00125-009-1470-0 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-11 | GLP-1 drugs and pancreatitis in trials Storgaard H et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2017 · PMID 28105738 · DOI 10.1111/dom.12885 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-110 | No sign in trials that SGLT2 drugs damage the brain Seminer A et al.. JAMA Neurol 2025 · PMID 40193122 · DOI 10.1001/jamaneurol.2025.0360 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-111 | Most leg amputations in a Swedish region were in people without diabetes Johannesson A et al.. Diabetes Care 2009 · PMID 19001192 · DOI 10.2337/dc08-1639 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-112 | GLP-1 injections in 60,080 people: fewer deaths, no more pancreas problems Sattar N et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2021 · PMID 34425083 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(21)00203-5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-113 | Pooled trials hint at slightly more pancreatitis with GLP-1 drugs Wen J et al.. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab 2025 · PMID 40988099 · DOI 10.1002/edm2.70113 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-114 | Metformin users have about twice the risk of low vitamin B12 Yang W et al.. J Diabetes 2019 · PMID 30615306 · DOI 10.1111/1753-0407.12900 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-115 | Metformin and low B12 also seen in Arab countries Alhaji JH. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 35631186 · DOI 10.3390/nu14102046 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-116 | Fournier gangrene on SGLT2 drugs: very rare, any extra risk uncertain Dave CV et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2019 · PMID 31479145 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2019.2813 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-117 | Re-analysis of rosiglitazone trials: heart failure confirmed, heart attacks uncertain Wallach JD et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32024657 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l7078 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-118 | Danish-Norwegian data: semaglutide linked to a rare optic nerve stroke Simonsen E et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2025 · PMID 40098249 · DOI 10.1111/dom.16316 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-119 | Trials do not show a clear increase in optic nerve events with GLP-1 drugs Li HY et al.. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41587563 · DOI 10.2337/dc25-1929 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-12 | Fournier gangrene in SGLT2 trials Silverii GA et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2020 · PMID 31637829 · DOI 10.1111/dom.13900 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-120 | EU regulator: optic nerve stroke is a very rare semaglutide side effect European Medicines Agency (PRAC). EMA website 2025 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-121 | Trials do not prove that sulfonylureas cause more deaths Varvaki Rados D et al.. PLoS Med 2016 · PMID 27071029 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1001992 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-122 | Glimepiride vs linagliptin: same heart outcomes, far more low blood sugar Rosenstock J et al.. JAMA 2019 · PMID 31536101 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2019.13772 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-123 | US cohort of 193,099: no significant bladder cancer increase with pioglitazone Lewis JD et al.. JAMA 2015 · PMID 26197187 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2015.7996 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-124 | Pooled studies: pioglitazone linked to a small rise in bladder cancer Tang H et al.. Cancer Med 2018 · PMID 29476615 · DOI 10.1002/cam4.1354 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-125 | European data: no bladder cancer increase with pioglitazone over about 3 years Korhonen P et al.. BMJ 2016 · PMID 27530399 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.i3903 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-126 | NICE 2026: offer metformin plus an SGLT-2 inhibitor to most adults with type 2 diabetes National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline 2026 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-128 | Ketoacidosis with low blood sugar on SGLT2 drugs: rare published cases, often after fasting Itagaki H et al.. J Clin Med 2026 · PMID 42882058 · DOI 10.3390/jcm15197595 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-129 | Egypt: no ketoacidosis in 61 patients starting SGLT2 drugs during Ramadan Khalil HAM et al.. J Diabetes Res 2025 · PMID 40322737 · DOI 10.1155/jdr/4321423 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-ODD-13 | RECORD: rosiglitazone heart outcomes Home PD et al.. Lancet 2009 · PMID 19501900 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60953-3 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-14 | Semaglutide and NAION: pooled analysis 1 Abdelaal A et al.. Ophthalmology 2026 · PMID 41692115 · DOI 10.1016/j.ophtha.2026.02.013 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-15 | Semaglutide and NAION: pooled analysis 2 Dhivagaran T et al.. Neurology 2026 · PMID 42060879 · DOI 10.1212/WNL.0000000000214864 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ODD-16 | ADA guideline 2026: diabetes medicines American Diabetes Association Professional Practice Committee for Diabetes*. Diabetes Care 2026 · PMID 41358900 · DOI 10.2337/dc26-S009 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ODD-17 | ADA/EASD consensus 2022 Davies MJ et al.. Diabetes Care 2022 · PMID 36148880 · DOI 10.2337/dci22-0034 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-01 | Korea's thyroid cancer 'epidemic' Ahn HS, Kim HJ, Welch HG. N Engl J Med 2014 · PMID 25372084 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMp1409841 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-02 | Korea: thyroid screening and cancer diagnoses Ahn HS et al.. Thyroid 2016 · PMID 27627550 · DOI 10.1089/thy.2016.0075 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-03 | US task force: do not screen healthy adults for thyroid cancer US Preventive Services Task Force. JAMA 2017 · PMID 28492905 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.4011 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-04 | Cochrane review: tonsil removal for repeated throat infections Burton MJ et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2014 · PMID 25407135 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001802.pub3 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-05 | UK trial: tonsil removal in adults with repeated tonsillitis Wilson JA et al.. Lancet 2023 · PMID 37209706 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(23)00519-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-06 | US guideline on tonsil surgery in children Mitchell RB et al.. Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2019 · PMID 30798778 · DOI 10.1177/0194599818801757 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-07 | Antibiotics instead of surgery for appendicitis CODA Collaborative; Flum DR et al.. N Engl J Med 2020 · PMID 33017106 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2014320 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-08 | Finland: antibiotics for appendicitis after 5 years Salminen P et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 30264120 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.13201 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-09 | UK trial: remove the gallbladder or wait? Innes K et al.. Health Technol Assess 2024 · PMID 38943314 · DOI 10.3310/MNBY3104 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-10 | Meta-analysis: removing ovaries at hysterectomy Hassan H et al.. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2024 · PMID 37364803 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajog.2023.06.043 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-101 | Tonsil and adenoid surgery for children who snore or have sleep apnoea Venekamp RP et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 · PMID 26465274 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011165.pub2 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-102 | Tonsil surgery for children who snore but have only mild apnoea Redline S et al.. JAMA 2023 · PMID 38051326 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.22114 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-103 | Waiting versus surgery in toddlers with mild sleep apnoea Sjölander I et al.. JAMA Otolaryngol Head Neck Surg 2025 · PMID 40965870 · DOI 10.1001/jamaoto.2025.2831 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-104 | Fewer gallbladder operations by stricter selection Comes DJ et al.. JAMA Surg 2024 · PMID 39167382 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2024.3080 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-105 | How often silent gallstones start causing problems Alzoubi M et al.. PLoS One 2026 · PMID 41886405 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0345462 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-106 | Antibiotics instead of surgery for simple appendicitis Doleman B et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024 · PMID 38682788 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD015038.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-107 | Antibiotics versus surgery for appendicitis in children St Peter SD et al.. Lancet 2025 · PMID 39826968 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)02420-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-108 | Antibiotic strategy for simple appendicitis in Dutch children van Amstel P et al.. BMJ Med 2026 · PMID 42157906 · DOI 10.1136/bmjmed-2025-002466 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-109 | International guideline on appendicitis (2025) Podda M et al.. JAMA Surg 2026 · PMID 41604201 · DOI 10.1001/jamasurg.2025.6218 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-11 | Infections after spleen removal Bisharat N et al.. J Infect 2001 · PMID 11798256 · DOI 10.1053/jinf.2001.0904 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-110 | WHO statement on caesarean section rates Betran AP et al.. BJOG 2016 · PMID 26681211 · DOI 10.1111/1471-0528.13526 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-111 | Caesarean rates around the world Betran AP et al.. BMJ Glob Health 2021 · PMID 34130991 · DOI 10.1136/bmjgh-2021-005671 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-112 | US thyroid cancer trends 1974-2013 Lim H et al.. JAMA 2017 · PMID 28362912 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2017.2719 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-113 | Thyroid cancer overdiagnosis in 63 countries Li M et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 39389067 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00223-7 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-114 | US thyroid guideline on nodules and cancer Haugen BR et al.. Thyroid 2016 · PMID 26462967 · DOI 10.1089/thy.2015.0020 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-115 | Infections after spleen removal in Denmark Thomsen RW et al.. Ann Intern Med 2009 · PMID 19841456 · DOI 10.7326/0003-4819-151-8-200910200-00008 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-116 | Guideline for people without a working spleen Kanhutu K et al.. Intern Med J 2017 · PMID 27925427 · DOI 10.1111/imj.13348 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-117 | Blood clots and sepsis after spleen removal in ITP Boyle S et al.. Blood 2013 · PMID 23637127 · DOI 10.1182/blood-2012-12-467068 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-118 | Cancer after spleen removal in Taiwan Sun LM et al.. Am J Surg 2015 · PMID 25986002 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjsurg.2015.01.017 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-119 | Breastfeeding and snoring in children Storari M et al.. Eur J Paediatr Dent 2021 · PMID 35034467 · DOI 10.23804/ejpd.2021.22.04.10 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-120 | Breastfeeding and adenoid size in preschool children Zwierz A et al.. J Clin Med 2023 · PMID 38137751 · DOI 10.3390/jcm12247683 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-121 | Diet and appendicitis Pitesa R et al.. World J Surg 2025 · PMID 41265933 · DOI 10.1002/wjs.70166 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-122 | Do tonsil and adenoid operations change later infections in children? Kim JY et al.. Laryngoscope 2021 · PMID 33720418 · DOI 10.1002/lary.29506 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-123 | Childhood tonsil surgery and later autoimmune disease in Korea Chang YS et al.. Front Med (Lausanne) 2026 · PMID 42643288 · DOI 10.3389/fmed.2026.1892240 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-124 | Tonsil removal and bowel inflammation: the family test Bager P et al.. Epidemiology 2019 · PMID 30461527 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0000000000000946 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-125 | Appendix removal and ulcerative colitis Koutroubakis IE et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2000 · PMID 10638578 · DOI 10.1111/j.1572-0241.2000.01680.x | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-126 | Removing the appendix to keep ulcerative colitis calm ACCURE Study Group. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2025 · PMID 40228513 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(25)00026-3 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-127 | What the appendix may be for Smith HF. Anat Rec (Hoboken) 2023 · PMID 35363436 · DOI 10.1002/ar.24917 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-128 | Appendix removal and C. difficile gut infection Naga YSE et al.. Dig Dis Sci 2023 · PMID 37402978 · DOI 10.1007/s10620-023-07998-y | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-129 | Gallbladder removal and bowel cancer: pooled cohorts Mu L et al.. Transl Cancer Res 2023 · PMID 37434692 · DOI 10.21037/tcr-22-2049 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-130 | Gallbladder removal and bowel cancer: another pooled analysis Yu L et al.. Int J Colorectal Dis 2023 · PMID 37368048 · DOI 10.1007/s00384-023-04463-0 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-131 | Genetic test of gallbladder removal and bowel cancer Chen L et al.. Chin Med J (Engl) 2023 · PMID 37027252 · DOI 10.1097/CM9.0000000000002612 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-132 | Diet for bile acid diarrhoea McKenzie YA et al.. J Hum Nutr Diet 2022 · PMID 35274385 · DOI 10.1111/jhn.13005 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-133 | Fat in stools after gallbladder removal Brydon WG et al.. Digestion 1982 · PMID 7166207 · DOI 10.1159/000198840 | Case-control study | very low | not applicable |
| I-ORG-134 | Removing ovaries at hysterectomy and long-term survival Cusimano MC et al.. BMJ 2021 · PMID 34880044 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2021-067528 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-135 | Ovary removal and death rates in Californian teachers Duan L et al.. Fertil Steril 2012 · PMID 22088205 · DOI 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.10.004 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-136 | Hysterectomy and heart disease: pooled cohort studies Chen Y et al.. BJOG 2024 · PMID 38747094 · DOI 10.1111/1471-0528.17843 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-137 | Hysterectomy before 50 and heart disease in Korea Yuk JS et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2023 · PMID 37307002 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.17145 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-138 | Early surgical menopause and dementia Georgakis MK et al.. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019 · PMID 30928686 · DOI 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.03.013 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-139 | Gynaecological surgery and dementia: newest pooled analysis Fu X et al.. J Clin Med 2026 · PMID 42796018 · DOI 10.3390/jcm15187247 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-140 | Ovary removal and dementia in Danish nurses Uldbjerg CS et al.. Menopause 2022 · PMID 35102101 · DOI 10.1097/GME.0000000000001943 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-ORG-141 | UK guideline on gallstones National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). NICE guideline 2014 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-ORG-142 | US gynaecologists on removing ovaries American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG). ACOG Committee Opinion 2019 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-01 | Pantoprazole safety in a large randomised trial Moayyedi P et al.. Gastroenterology 2019 · PMID 31152740 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.05.056 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-02 | Why PPI–death links may be misleading Brown JP et al.. Br J Clin Pharmacol 2021 · PMID 33393677 · DOI 10.1111/bcp.14728 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-03 | AGA advice on long-term PPIs Freedberg DE et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28257716 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.01.031 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-04 | How to stop PPIs safely (AGA 2022) Targownik LE et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35183361 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2021.12.247 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-05 | Canadian guideline for stopping PPIs Farrell B et al.. Can Fam Physician 2017 · PMID 28500192 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-06 | Rebound symptoms after stopping PPIs – review Lødrup AB et al.. Scand J Gastroenterol 2013 · PMID 23311977 · DOI 10.3109/00365521.2012.746395 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-07 | Does ranitidine form NDMA in people? Florian J et al.. JAMA 2021 · PMID 34180947 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.9199 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-08 | Omeprazole prevents bleeding with dual antiplatelet therapy Bhatt DL et al.. N Engl J Med 2010 · PMID 20925534 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1007964 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-09 | Barrett's oesophagus: high-dose PPI improves outcomes Jankowski JAZ et al.. Lancet 2018 · PMID 30057104 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31388-6 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-10 | ACG 2022 reflux guideline Katz PO et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2022 · PMID 34807007 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001538 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-101 | Acid blockers prevent bleeding ulcers in trials Scally B et al.. Lancet Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018 · PMID 29475806 · DOI 10.1016/S2468-1253(18)30037-2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-102 | Routine acid blocker gave small benefit in low-risk heart patients Moayyedi P et al.. Gastroenterology 2019 · PMID 31054846 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2019.04.041 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-103 | Cutting down acid blockers: fewer pills, more symptoms for some Boghossian TA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28301676 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD011969.pub2 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-104 | Stopping an acid blocker caused short-lived indigestion in healthy people Niklasson A et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2010 · PMID 20332770 · DOI 10.1038/ajg.2010.81 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-105 | Are acid blockers addictive? Namikawa K et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2024 · PMID 38791497 · DOI 10.3390/ijms25105459 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-PPI-106 | Most people could stop unnecessary acid blockers Koggel LM et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2026 · PMID 42894466 · DOI 10.1002/ueg2.70297 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-107 | PPI-cancer link largely reflects early cancer symptoms Sawaid IO et al.. PLoS Med 2026 · PMID 41493925 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pmed.1004842 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-108 | Long-term PPI use linked with a small rise in stomach cancer Abrahami D et al.. Gut 2022 · PMID 34226290 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325097 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-109 | No link between PPIs and sperm quality Keihani S et al.. Asian J Androl 2018 · PMID 28879865 · DOI 10.4103/aja.aja_35_17 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-PPI-110 | PPI-death link fades when reverse causation is handled Lo CH et al.. Gastroenterology 2022 · PMID 35788344 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2022.06.067 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-111 | No extra kidney decline with PPIs vs H2 blockers in Spain González-Pérez A et al.. J Gen Intern Med 2025 · PMID 39627545 · DOI 10.1007/s11606-024-09213-8 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-112 | PPIs linked with chronic kidney disease in pooled studies Ang SP et al.. Biomedicines 2024 · PMID 39061988 · DOI 10.3390/biomedicines12071414 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-113 | Randomised trials: PPIs prevent bleeding without clear infection increase Omar MA et al.. J Clin Med 2026 · PMID 41976918 · DOI 10.3390/jcm15072617 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-114 | Trials hint at a small pneumonia risk at most Wu Z et al.. Front Pharmacol 2025 · PMID 41230098 · DOI 10.3389/fphar.2025.1713256 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-115 | More pneumonia during periods of PPI use Maret-Ouda J et al.. J Gastroenterol 2023 · PMID 37314495 · DOI 10.1007/s00535-023-02007-5 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-116 | Long-term acid blockers linked to iron deficiency Lam JR et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 27890768 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2016.11.023 | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-117 | No extra cancer with ranitidine You SC et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2023 · PMID 37725377 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.33495 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-PPI-118 | Ranitidine does not make NDMA in realistic stomach conditions Gao Z et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2021 · PMID 34181009 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18253 | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-119 | A quarter of adults take acid blockers Shanika LGT et al.. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 2023 · PMID 37420019 · DOI 10.1007/s00228-023-03534-z | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-PPI-120 | Pharmacists in Egypt and Iraq need more PPI training Moustafa HAM et al.. Healthcare (Basel) 2025 · PMID 40648613 · DOI 10.3390/healthcare13131588 | Cross-sectional study | very low | not applicable |
| I-RES-01 | EU limits for veterinary drug residues European Commission. Official Journal of the EU 2010 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-02 | EU hormone ban in livestock Council of the EU. Official Journal of the EC 1996 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-03 | EU pesticide residue limits European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2005 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-04 | EU ban on antibiotic growth promoters European Parliament and Council. Official Journal of the EU 2003 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-05 | EU pesticide residues 2023 EFSA. EFSA J / EFSA news 2025 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9398 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-06 | EU pesticide residues 2024 EFSA. EFSA J (summary on EU Agri-food Transition Pathways platform, 14 Aug 2026) 2026 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2026.10054 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-07 | EU veterinary drug residues 2023 EFSA. EFSA news 2025 | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-08 | Antibiotic residues in Egyptian chicken Noah SM et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42527435 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-63227-2 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-09 | Hormones in Egyptian meat (ELISA) Kamaly HF & Sharkawy AA. Food Chem Toxicol 2023 · PMID 37956705 · DOI 10.1016/j.fct.2023.114172 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-RES-101 | Gentamicin found in one in five Egyptian chicken samples, mostly in liver Kamouh HM et al.. Open Vet J 2024 · PMID 38633178 · DOI 10.5455/OVJ.2024.v14.i1.40 | Measurement / residue study | low | not applicable |
| I-RES-102 | WHO/FAO experts: gentamicin is hardly absorbed when swallowed Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives (JECFA). WHO Food Additives Series / INCHEM 1998 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-103 | Pesticides often found in Egyptian onions, but at very low exposure Malhat F et al.. J Xenobiot 2025 · PMID 41283430 · DOI 10.3390/jox15060192 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-104 | More than half of tested Egyptian foods had pesticide traces Ezzat A et al.. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2026 · PMID 41678938 · DOI 10.1016/j.jchromb.2026.124960 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-105 | EFSA: combined pesticide residues stay below nervous-system thresholds EFSA. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32874295 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6087 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-RES-106 | Fruit and vegetables with fewer pesticide residues were linked to lower mortality Sandoval-Insausti H et al.. Environ Int 2022 · PMID 34894487 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2021.107024 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-107 | French organic food eaters had fewer cancers Baudry J et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 30422212 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2018.4357 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-108 | No less cancer among UK women who ate organic food Bradbury KE et al.. Br J Cancer 2014 · PMID 24675385 · DOI 10.1038/bjc.2014.148 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-109 | No link between organic food and overall cancer in Denmark Andersen JLM et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2023 · PMID 36592285 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-022-00951-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-110 | Hormones for fattening cattle: legal in some countries, banned in the EU Skoupa K et al.. Animals (Basel) 2022 · PMID 36009705 · DOI 10.3390/ani12162115 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-RES-111 | Antibiotics in feed do make broilers grow a little faster Maria Cardinal K et al.. Poult Sci 2019 · PMID 31544941 · DOI 10.3382/ps/pez536 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-RES-112 | Antibiotic growth promoters improve feed efficiency by only about 3% El-Fateh M et al.. Poult Sci 2024 · PMID 39504822 · DOI 10.1016/j.psj.2024.104472 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-01 | Fizzy drinks and reflux: systematic review Johnson T et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2010 · PMID 20055784 · DOI 10.1111/j.1365-2036.2010.04232.x | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-02 | Sparkling water for indigestion Cuomo R et al.. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 2002 · PMID 12352219 · DOI 10.1097/00042737-200209000-00010 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-SOD-03 | Sweeteners and blood sugar: a 120-person trial Suez J et al.. Cell 2022 · PMID 35987213 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2022.07.016 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-04 | Fructose and liver fat: trials Chiu S et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 24569542 · DOI 10.1038/ejcn.2014.8 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-05 | Fructose and gout: meta-analysis Jamnik J et al.. BMJ Open 2016 · PMID 27697882 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2016-013191 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-06 | Diet drinks and stroke in 81,000 women Mossavar-Rahmani Y et al.. Stroke 2019 · PMID 30802187 · DOI 10.1161/STROKEAHA.118.023100 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-07 | Sugary drinks and bone density: meta-analysis Ahn H, Park YK. Nutr J 2021 · PMID 33952276 · DOI 10.1186/s12937-021-00698-1 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-08 | WHO on non-sugar sweeteners World Health Organization. WHO news release 2023 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-09 | IARC and JECFA on aspartame WHO / IARC / JECFA. WHO news release 2023 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-101 | Diet drinks linked to several diseases in observational data Diaz C et al.. Adv Nutr 2023 · PMID 37187453 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2023.05.010 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-102 | Diet drinks: short-term substitute, not a long-term goal Choi JH et al.. Diabetes Metab J 2026 · PMID 41531289 · DOI 10.4093/dmj.2025.0848 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-103 | Swapping sugary for diet drinks helped weight in trials McGlynn ND et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2022 · PMID 35285920 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2022.2092 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-104 | No dementia link for diet drinks in older adults Chen H et al.. JAMA Psychiatry 2025 · PMID 40531522 · DOI 10.1001/jamapsychiatry.2025.1230 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-105 | Possible modest link between sweetened drinks and Alzheimer's Jouni N et al.. Aging Ment Health 2025 · PMID 40511662 · DOI 10.1080/13607863.2025.2512215 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-106 | High-dose saccharin did not change gut bacteria or blood sugar Serrano J et al.. Microbiome 2021 · PMID 33431052 · DOI 10.1186/s40168-020-00976-w | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-107 | Sucralose trials show no clear gut or blood-sugar effect Wulandari DT et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2026 · PMID 42794802 · DOI 10.3390/ijms27188377 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-108 | Soda linked to more heartburn in women Mehta RS et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2020 · PMID 31786327 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2019.11.040 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-109 | Soft drinks slightly linked to reflux disease Ma C et al.. Eur J Nutr 2025 · PMID 40498344 · DOI 10.1007/s00394-025-03707-9 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-110 | Ulcers are mainly caused by H. pylori and painkillers Lanas A, Chan FKL. Lancet 2017 · PMID 28242110 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(16)32404-7 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-111 | Sparkling water for 12 weeks caused no harm Hashimoto H et al.. Sci Rep 2026 · PMID 42106408 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-026-51479-x | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-112 | Sparkling mineral water barely affects tooth enamel Parry J et al.. J Oral Rehabil 2001 · PMID 11556958 · DOI 10.1046/j.1365-2842.2001.00795.x | Laboratory / cell study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-113 | Sparkling water eased constipation after stroke Mun JH, Jun SS. J Korean Acad Nurs 2011 · PMID 21551998 · DOI 10.4040/jkan.2011.41.2.269 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-SOD-114 | Colas are strongly acidic; sparkling water is not Reddy A et al.. J Am Dent Assoc 2016 · PMID 26653863 · DOI 10.1016/j.adaj.2015.10.019 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-115 | A soft drink holds about 6 g of CO2 per litre Kuntzleman TS, Kuntzleman JT. Molecules 2021 · PMID 33802982 · DOI 10.3390/molecules26061691 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-116 | A person breathes out about 1 kg of CO2 a day O'Sullivan C et al.. NPJ Microgravity 2026 · PMID 42120392 · DOI 10.1038/s41526-026-00608-x | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-117 | Fizz does not change the blood-sugar effect of a sweet drink Lau ERL, Henry CJ. Nutrition 2017 · PMID 28606564 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2017.02.001 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-118 | Sugar drinks made children gain more weight de Ruyter JC et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998340 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203034 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-119 | Cutting sugary drinks helped teenagers' weight for one year Ebbeling CB et al.. N Engl J Med 2012 · PMID 22998339 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1203388 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-120 | Sugary and diet drinks linked to higher death rates Zhang YB et al.. Adv Nutr 2021 · PMID 33786594 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmaa110 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-121 | Fructose and table sugar drinks boost fat production in the liver Geidl-Flueck B et al.. J Hepatol 2021 · PMID 33684506 · DOI 10.1016/j.jhep.2021.02.027 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-122 | Sugary drinks raise liver fat when they add extra calories Lee D et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 35889803 · DOI 10.3390/nu14142846 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-123 | Soda linked to more hip fractures, cola or not Fung TT et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2014 · PMID 25099544 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.114.083352 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-124 | Phosphoric acid in cola did not increase calcium loss Heaney RP, Rafferty K. Am J Clin Nutr 2001 · PMID 11522558 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/74.3.343 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-125 | Soft drinks linked to slightly more kidney disease Heo GY et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2024 · PMID 38416492 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.56885 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SOD-126 | Pooled studies: soda-kidney link uncertain Lo WC et al.. J Nephrol 2021 · PMID 33502726 · DOI 10.1007/s40620-020-00957-0 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-127 | Sugary drinks may cause millions of diabetes cases worldwide Lara-Castor L et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 39762424 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03345-4 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-128 | Taxing sugary drinks in Egypt could prevent diabetes Dalugoda Y et al.. Public Health Pract (Oxf) 2026 · PMID 42058140 · DOI 10.1016/j.puhip.2026.100786 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SOD-129 | Sugary drinks and tooth decay in Egyptian toddlers Taha A et al.. Int J Paediatr Dent 2025 · PMID 40468570 · DOI 10.1111/ipd.13324 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-SRC-101 | Stopping steroids after a kidney transplant while other anti-rejection drugs continue Oliveras L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2026 · PMID 42187003 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD005632.pub4 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-102 | Stopping tacrolimus after kidney transplant caused rejection Hricik DE et al.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2015 · PMID 25925687 · DOI 10.1681/ASN.2014121234 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-103 | Very low protein diets can delay dialysis in advanced kidney disease Hahn D et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2020 · PMID 33118160 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD001892.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-104 | MMR vaccine does not cause autism Hviid A et al.. Ann Intern Med 2019 · PMID 30831578 · DOI 10.7326/M18-2101 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-105 | Measles in the Eastern Mediterranean 2023-2024 Farid M et al.. Vaccines (Basel) 2026 · PMID 42646678 · DOI 10.3390/vaccines14080659 | Ecological study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-106 | Skipping armpit lymph-node surgery in small breast cancers Reimer T et al.. N Engl J Med 2025 · PMID 39665649 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa2412063 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-107 | Refusing breast-cancer surgery Gaitanidis A et al.. Clin Breast Cancer 2018 · PMID 28784267 · DOI 10.1016/j.clbc.2017.07.010 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-SRC-108 | ESMO guideline on weight loss in cancer Arends J et al. (ESMO Guidelines Committee). ESMO Open 2021 · PMID 34144781 · DOI 10.1016/j.esmoop.2021.100092 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-109 | Short fasting alongside cancer treatment Agrawal K et al.. Cancer Biol Med 2026 · PMID 42444194 · DOI 10.20892/j.issn.2095-3941.2025.0841 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-SRC-110 | Most side effects listed for statins are not caused by them Cholesterol Treatment Trialists' (CTT) Collaboration. Lancet 2026 · PMID 41655587 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01578-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-111 | How much statins help in absolute terms Byrne P et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2022 · PMID 35285850 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2022.0134 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-112 | Insulin resistance measured directly predicts diabetes Lillioja S et al.. N Engl J Med 1993 · PMID 8247074 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM199312303292703 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-113 | Smoking costs more than ten years of life Jha P et al.. N Engl J Med 2013 · PMID 23343063 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMsa1211128 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-117 | Eggs and Alzheimer's disease in 39,000 older Americans Oh J et al.. J Nutr 2026 · PMID 42002260 · DOI 10.1016/j.tjnut.2026.101541 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-118 | A few kidney recipients keep working kidneys without drugs Brouard S et al.. Am J Transplant 2012 · PMID 22974211 · DOI 10.1111/j.1600-6143.2012.04249.x | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-SRC-119 | Belly pressure in late pregnancy and high blood pressure Jayasundara S et al.. PLoS One 2023 · PMID 37851647 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0284230 | Cross-sectional study | low | partly correct but over-interpreted |
| I-SRC-120 | How accurate H. pylori blood and stool tests are Ichita C et al.. Helicobacter 2026 · PMID 42604577 · DOI 10.1111/hel.70157 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-121 | How common H. pylori is worldwide Hooi JKY et al.. Gastroenterology 2017 · PMID 28456631 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2017.04.022 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-122 | Caffeine and constipation Li Y et al.. J Neurogastroenterol Motil 2025 · PMID 40205901 · DOI 10.5056/jnm23181 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-123 | Tea drinking and reflux in Taiwan Kuo CM et al.. Int J Med Sci 2026 · PMID 42807308 · DOI 10.7150/ijms.139922 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-124 | Reflux risk factors in Saudi Arabia Alhafid IA et al.. BMJ Open 2026 · PMID 42303406 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2026-118665 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-125 | Safety of routine childhood vaccines Maglione MA et al.. Pediatrics 2014 · PMID 25086160 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2014-1079 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-126 | Diseases that seem less common in smokers Yılmaz M et al.. Eur Addict Res 2025 · PMID 41129423 · DOI 10.1159/000549064 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-SRC-127 | High insulin levels can make the body resistant to insulin Del Prato S et al.. Diabetologia 1994 · PMID 7851681 · DOI 10.1007/BF00400466 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-128 | Insulin sensitivity falls years before diabetes Tabák AG et al.. Lancet 2009 · PMID 19515410 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(09)60619-X | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-SRC-129 | Cortisol rises in normal pregnancy Lee JH et al.. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2023 · PMID 35816262 · DOI 10.1007/s11154-022-09745-6 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-130 | How buffaloes let down milk Mota-Rojas D et al.. Front Vet Sci 2026 · PMID 42707960 · DOI 10.3389/fvets.2026.1913756 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-131 | Egyptian rice varieties differ in quality Abdelsalam KMH et al.. BMC Plant Biol 2025 · PMID 40247171 · DOI 10.1186/s12870-025-06438-5 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-132 | When older adults can stop statins Thompson W et al.. Can Fam Physician 2026 · PMID 42728062 · DOI 10.46747/cfp.7209534 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-133 | How much flu Egypt has each season Fahim M et al.. Influenza Other Respir Viruses 2024 · PMID 39722214 · DOI 10.1111/irv.70061 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SRC-134 | International kidney disease guideline 2024 KDIGO CKD Work Group. Kidney Int 2024 · PMID 38490803 · DOI 10.1016/j.kint.2023.10.018 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-01 | Sugar and body weight: trials and cohorts Te Morenga L et al.. BMJ 2012 · PMID 23321486 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.e7492 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-02 | Sugar and health: umbrella review Huang Y et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37019448 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2022-071609 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-03 | EFSA: how much sugar is safe? EFSA NDA Panel et al.. EFSA J 2022 · PMID 35251356 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2022.7074 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-04 | Sugar and tooth decay: 10-year update Moores CJ et al.. J Dent Res 2022 · PMID 35302414 · DOI 10.1177/00220345221082918 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-05 | WHO sugar guideline World Health Organization. WHO news release 2015 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-06 | How much sugar is in honey vs white sugar? US Department of Agriculture. FoodData Central (database) SR Legacy | Measurement / residue study | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-07 | Sugar cola vs diet cola vs sparkling water: blood sugar and insulin Galicia-Ayala C et al.. Nutrition 2026 · PMID 41016269 · DOI 10.1016/j.nut.2025.112938 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-101 | Sugar drink raises insulin quickly Tey SL et al.. Int J Obes (Lond) 2017 · PMID 27956737 · DOI 10.1038/ijo.2016.225 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-102 | Sugar in a meal acts like starch Bantle JP et al.. N Engl J Med 1983 · PMID 6343873 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM198307073090102 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-103 | Too much sugar linked to earlier death Ramne S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2019 · PMID 30590448 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy268 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-104 | Large 2026 overview: sugar linked to many diseases Woelber JP et al.. Clin Oral Investig 2026 · PMID 42814269 · DOI 10.1007/s00784-026-07191-1 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-105 | Sugary drinks, not all sugar, linked to diabetes Della Corte KA et al.. Adv Nutr 2025 · PMID 40122386 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100413 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUG-106 | Honey: small, uncertain metabolic differences Ahmed A et al.. Nutr Rev 2023 · PMID 36379223 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuac086 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-107 | Sugar is a 'culinary ingredient' in the NOVA system Monteiro CA et al.. Public Health Nutr 2018 · PMID 28322183 · DOI 10.1017/S1368980017000234 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUG-109 | Sugary drinks and juice linked to gout Ayoub-Charette S et al.. BMJ Open 2019 · PMID 31061018 · DOI 10.1136/bmjopen-2018-024171 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-01 | Folic acid prevents spina bifida (MRC trial) MRC Vitamin Study Research Group. Lancet 1991 · PMID 1677062 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-02 | Folic acid and birth defects (Cochrane) De-Regil LM et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 · PMID 26662928 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007950.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-03 | USPSTF: folic acid before pregnancy US Preventive Services Task Force et al.. JAMA 2023 · PMID 37526713 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2023.12876 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-04 | Iron in pregnancy (Cochrane) Peña-Rosas JP et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2015 · PMID 26198451 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-05 | Endocrine Society 2024 vitamin D guideline Demay MB et al.. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2024 · PMID 38828931 · DOI 10.1210/clinem/dgae290 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-06 | Calcium and heart disease – updated review Chung M et al.. Ann Intern Med 2016 · PMID 27776363 · DOI 10.7326/M16-1165 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-07 | Folic acid and cancer – 50,000 trial participants Vollset SE et al.. Lancet 2013 · PMID 23352552 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)62001-7 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-08 | USPSTF evidence review 2022 O'Connor EA et al.. JAMA 2022 · PMID 35727272 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2021.15650 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-09 | REDUCE-IT: prescription EPA Bhatt DL et al.. N Engl J Med 2019 · PMID 30415628 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1812792 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-10 | Which supplements harm the liver? Navarro VJ et al.. Hepatology 2017 · PMID 27677775 · DOI 10.1002/hep.28813 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-101 | Iron tablets in pregnancy: updated Cochrane review Finkelstein JL et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2024 · PMID 39145520 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD004736.pub6 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-102 | Anaemia and iron in pregnancy: meta-analysis Haider BA et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23794316 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.f3443 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-104 | Iron for pregnant women who are not anaemic Watt A et al.. Fam Pract 2025 · PMID 39834271 · DOI 10.1093/fampra/cmae079 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-105 | WHO: iron and folic acid for every pregnancy World Health Organization. WHO eLENA (web page) 2024 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-106 | Daily multivitamin in older adults (COSMOS trial) Sesso HD et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35294969 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac056 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-107 | Multivitamins and death in 390,000 Americans Loftfield E et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2024 · PMID 38922615 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2024.18729 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-108 | Antioxidant pills and death: Cochrane review Bjelakovic G et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2012 · PMID 22419320 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD007176.pub2 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-109 | Treating iron-deficiency anaemia in pregnancy Reveiz L et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2011 · PMID 21975735 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD003094.pub3 | Systematic review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-11 | Creatine safety position stand Kreider RB et al.. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2017 · PMID 28615996 · DOI 10.1186/s12970-017-0173-z | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-SUP-110 | Calcium pills and heart disease: meta-analysis Myung SK et al.. Nutrients 2021 · PMID 33530332 · DOI 10.3390/nu13020368 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-111 | Calcium from food vs pills and heart disease Yang C et al.. J Am Coll Nutr 2020 · PMID 31625814 · DOI 10.1080/07315724.2019.1649219 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-112 | Calcium pills and heart disease: no link found Sim MG et al.. Heart Lung Circ 2023 · PMID 37743221 · DOI 10.1016/j.hlc.2023.07.008 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-113 | Omega-3 dose and heart outcomes (industry-linked review) Bernasconi AA et al.. Mayo Clin Proc 2021 · PMID 32951855 · DOI 10.1016/j.mayocp.2020.08.034 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-114 | Omega-3 capsules: does dose matter? Rizos EC et al.. Heart 2021 · PMID 32820013 · DOI 10.1136/heartjnl-2020-316780 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-115 | Large intermittent doses of vitamin D and falls Myung SK et al.. Osteoporos Int 2023 · PMID 37120684 · DOI 10.1007/s00198-023-06761-3 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-116 | Vitamin C pills and kidney stones Ferraro PM et al.. Am J Kidney Dis 2016 · PMID 26463139 · DOI 10.1053/j.ajkd.2015.09.005 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-117 | Selenium for preventing cancer: Cochrane review Vinceti M et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2018 · PMID 29376219 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD005195.pub4 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-118 | Glucosamine for knee and hip arthritis Runhaar J et al.. Ann Rheum Dis 2017 · PMID 28754801 · DOI 10.1136/annrheumdis-2017-211149 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-119 | Liver injury from supplements in the US Navarro VJ et al.. Hepatology 2014 · PMID 25043597 · DOI 10.1002/hep.27317 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-120 | Mislabelled supplements linked to liver injury Navarro V et al.. Hepatol Commun 2019 · PMID 31168513 · DOI 10.1002/hep4.1346 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-121 | Beta-carotene harm persisted after stopping (CARET) Goodman GE et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2004 · PMID 15572756 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djh320 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SUP-122 | Vitamin E, selenium status and prostate cancer (SELECT) Kristal AR et al.. J Natl Cancer Inst 2014 · PMID 24563519 · DOI 10.1093/jnci/djt456 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-123 | Diet to treat anaemia in pregnancy Skolmowska D et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 35893877 · DOI 10.3390/nu14153023 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-SUP-124 | Vitamin B12 status in vegans Niklewicz A et al.. Nutr Bull 2024 · PMID 39373282 · DOI 10.1111/nbu.12712 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SUP-125 | Vitamin B12 deficiency in babies Dror DK et al.. Nutr Rev 2008 · PMID 18454811 · DOI 10.1111/j.1753-4887.2008.00031.x | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-SYS-01 | Poor diet is linked to about one in five adult deaths worldwide GBD 2017 Diet Collaborators. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30954305 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(19)30041-8 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-02 | High blood pressure and tobacco are the top risk factors for death worldwide GBD 2019 Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2020 · PMID 33069327 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)30752-2 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-03 | Sleeping too little or too much is linked to earlier death Cappuccio FP et al.. Sleep 2010 · PMID 20469800 · DOI 10.1093/sleep/33.5.585 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-04 | More daily movement, even light, is linked to much lower mortality Ekelund U et al.. BMJ 2019 · PMID 31434697 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.l4570 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-05 | Low-fat and low-carb diets led to similar weight loss Gardner CD et al.. JAMA 2018 · PMID 29466592 · DOI 10.1001/jama.2018.0245 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-06 | Exercise alone leads to only small weight loss Thorogood A et al.. Am J Med 2011 · PMID 21787904 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2011.02.037 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-07 | Moving more does not burn proportionally more energy Pontzer H et al.. Curr Biol 2016 · PMID 26832439 · DOI 10.1016/j.cub.2015.12.046 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-08 | Slow breathing calms body and mind in short studies Zaccaro A et al.. Front Hum Neurosci 2018 · PMID 30245619 · DOI 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00353 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-SYS-101 | Global causes of ill health in 2021 GBD 2021 Risk Factors Collaborators. Lancet 2024 · PMID 38762324 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(24)00933-4 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-102 | Global health 2023 GBD 2023 Disease and Injury and Risk Factor Collaborators. Lancet 2025 · PMID 41092926 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(25)01637-X | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-103 | Environment matters more than genes for early death Argentieri MA et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 39972219 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-024-03483-9 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-104 | Genes explain a minority of chronic disease Rappaport SM. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27105432 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0154387 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-105 | Most sore throats get better on their own Spinks A et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2021 · PMID 34881426 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD000023.pub5 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-106 | Prolonged water fasting: short-term effects only Ezpeleta M et al.. Nutr Rev 2024 · PMID 37377031 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad081 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-SYS-107 | Long water-only fasting triggers inflammation Commissati S et al.. Mol Metab 2025 · PMID 40268190 · DOI 10.1016/j.molmet.2025.102152 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-SYS-108 | Lowering blood pressure saves lives Ettehad D et al.. Lancet 2016 · PMID 26724178 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(15)01225-8 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-109 | Reviewing medicines in care homes Carollo M et al.. Age Ageing 2026 · PMID 41967033 · DOI 10.1093/ageing/afag084 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-SYS-110 | 'Good' HDL cholesterol may not itself protect the heart Voight BF et al.. Lancet 2012 · PMID 22607825 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(12)60312-2 | Other | high | not applicable |
| I-SYS-111 | Food changes blood pressure Sacks FM et al.. N Engl J Med 2001 · PMID 11136953 · DOI 10.1056/NEJM200101043440101 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-01 | Ultra-processed vs minimally processed healthy diets in England Dicken SJ et al.. Nat Med 2025 · PMID 40760353 · DOI 10.1038/s41591-025-03842-0 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-02 | How reliable is the NOVA classification? Braesco V et al.. Eur J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 35314769 · DOI 10.1038/s41430-022-01099-1 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-03 | A critical view of ultra-processed food research Gibney MJ et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2017 · PMID 28793996 · DOI 10.3945/ajcn.117.160440 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-04 | Emulsifiers and heart disease in France Sellem L et al.. BMJ 2023 · PMID 37673430 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2023-076058 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-05 | Emulsifiers and diabetes in France Salame C et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 38663950 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(24)00086-X | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-06 | How the EU regulates food additives European Commission (DG SANTE). European Commission website 2026 (accessed) | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-101 | Ultra-processed diet trial in Japanese men Hamano S et al.. Diabetes Obes Metab 2024 · PMID 39267249 · DOI 10.1111/dom.15922 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-102 | Eating speed and ultra-processed diets Forde CG et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41314613 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2025.11.012 | Randomised controlled trial | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-103 | Can experts agree on what is ultra-processed? Sneed NM et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2023 · PMID 36789937 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.016 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-104 | Experts debate the ultra-processed food concept Astrup A et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 36253965 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqac230 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-105 | Ultra-processed food and death in 114,000 US health workers Fang Z et al.. BMJ 2024 · PMID 38719536 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2023-078476 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-106 | Ultra-processed foods and heart disease Mendoza K et al.. Lancet Reg Health Am 2024 · PMID 39286398 · DOI 10.1016/j.lana.2024.100859 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-107 | Ultra-processed food and death in 9 European countries González-Gil EM et al.. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2025 · PMID 39867840 · DOI 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101208 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-108 | Food processing and type 2 diabetes in Europe Dicken SJ et al.. Lancet Reg Health Eur 2024 · PMID 39529810 · DOI 10.1016/j.lanepe.2024.101043 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-109 | Ultra-processed food and depression in US nurses Samuthpongtorn C et al.. JAMA Netw Open 2023 · PMID 37728928 · DOI 10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2023.34770 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-110 | Ultra-processed food and inflammatory bowel disease: pooled data Narula N et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2023 · PMID 36731590 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2023.01.012 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-111 | Ultra-processed food and Crohn's disease in US health workers Lo CH et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2022 · PMID 34461300 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2021.08.031 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-112 | No link found in a short French study Vasseur P et al.. Inflamm Bowel Dis 2021 · PMID 32055825 · DOI 10.1093/ibd/izaa018 | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-113 | Emulsifiers and the gut barrier in healthy people Fitzpatrick JA et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2024 · PMID 39072856 · DOI 10.1111/apt.18172 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-114 | Emulsifiers in people with Crohn's disease Fitzpatrick JA et al.. Aliment Pharmacol Ther 2025 · PMID 39967287 · DOI 10.1111/apt.70041 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-115 | Artificial sweeteners and cancer: pooled studies Yan S et al.. Nutrients 2022 · PMID 36145117 · DOI 10.3390/nu14183742 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-116 | Diet drinks and heart disease Yin J et al.. Adv Nutr 2021 · PMID 32696948 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmaa084 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-117 | Food preservatives and cancer in a French cohort Hasenböhler A et al.. BMJ 2026 · PMID 41500678 · DOI 10.1136/bmj-2025-084917 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-118 | Food preservatives and type 2 diabetes Hasenböhler A et al.. Nat Commun 2026 · PMID 41501013 · DOI 10.1038/s41467-025-67360-w | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-119 | Food preservatives, blood pressure and heart disease Hasenböhler A et al.. Eur Heart J 2026 · PMID 42161430 · DOI 10.1093/eurheartj/ehag308 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-120 | Food colours, sodium benzoate and children's behaviour McCann D et al.. Lancet 2007 · PMID 17825405 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(07)61306-3 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-UPF-121 | EU safety review of cellulose additives (including CMC) EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) et al.. EFSA J 2018 · PMID 32625652 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5047 | Risk assessment | high | not applicable |
| I-UPF-122 | Industry-linked critique of the EU titanium dioxide decision Warheit DB. Front Toxicol 2024 · PMID 39100893 · DOI 10.3389/ftox.2024.1333746 | Narrative review | very low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-123 | Critique of ultra-processed food feeding trials Ludwig DS. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2026 · PMID 42063358 · DOI 10.1080/10408398.2026.2664043 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-UPF-124 | Ultra-processed vs unprocessed meals of the same calories Barros LM et al.. Appetite 2026 · PMID 42633852 · DOI 10.1016/j.appet.2026.108761 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-01 | Fibre and health (Lancet 2019) Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-02 | Fruit, vegetables and death rates Aune D et al.. Int J Epidemiol 2017 · PMID 28338764 · DOI 10.1093/ije/dyw319 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-03 | How gut bacteria use fibre Koh A et al.. Cell 2016 · PMID 27259147 · DOI 10.1016/j.cell.2016.05.041 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-04 | Which foods cause food poisoning in the US Painter JA et al.. Emerg Infect Dis 2013 · PMID 23622497 · DOI 10.3201/eid1903.111866 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-05 | Dietary oxalate and kidney stones Taylor EN, Curhan GC. J Am Soc Nephrol 2007 · PMID 17538185 · DOI 10.1681/ASN.2007020219 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-06 | Vegetable-rich diet and kidney stones Taylor EN et al.. J Am Soc Nephrol 2009 · PMID 19679672 · DOI 10.1681/ASN.2009030276 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-07 | Where urinary oxalate comes from Crivelli JJ et al.. Nutrients 2020 · PMID 33379176 · DOI 10.3390/nu13010062 | Narrative review | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-08 | Nitrate and infant blood disorder Greer FR, Shannon M. Pediatrics 2005 · PMID 16140723 · DOI 10.1542/peds.2005-1497 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-09 | Dietary nitrate and blood pressure Siervo M et al.. J Nutr 2013 · PMID 23596162 · DOI 10.3945/jn.112.170233 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-10 | Bitter squash poisoning in France Le Roux G et al.. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2018 · PMID 29323540 · DOI 10.1080/15563650.2018.1424891 | Case series / case report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-101 | Changing vitamin K intake shifts warfarin effect Franco V et al.. Am J Med 2004 · PMID 15121490 · DOI 10.1016/j.amjmed.2003.12.036 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-102 | Week-to-week vitamin K swings move INR Couris R et al.. Int J Vitam Nutr Res 2006 · PMID 16941417 · DOI 10.1024/0300-9831.76.2.65 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-103 | How much vitamin K changes warfarin effect Schurgers LJ et al.. Blood 2004 · PMID 15231565 · DOI 10.1182/blood-2004-04-1525 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-104 | Steady vitamin K can stabilise warfarin Sconce E et al.. Blood 2007 · PMID 17110451 · DOI 10.1182/blood-2006-09-049262 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-105 | Low vitamin K intake linked to unstable warfarin control Dentali F et al.. Semin Thromb Hemost 2016 · PMID 27232386 · DOI 10.1055/s-0036-1581105 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-106 | About five portions of fruit and vegetables a day linked to lower death rates Wang DD et al.. Circulation 2021 · PMID 33641343 · DOI 10.1161/CIRCULATIONAHA.120.048996 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-107 | Vegetable benefit for the heart may be overestimated Feng Q et al.. Front Nutr 2022 · PMID 35265657 · DOI 10.3389/fnut.2022.831470 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-108 | Genetic study finds no clear heart benefit from vegetables Feng Q et al.. Nutrients 2023 · PMID 37686714 · DOI 10.3390/nu15173682 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-109 | Survey of meat-only dieters reports satisfaction Lennerz BS et al.. Curr Dev Nutr 2021 · PMID 34934897 · DOI 10.1093/cdn/nzab133 | Cross-sectional study | very low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-11 | Pesticide residues in Egyptian market produce El-Sheikh EA et al.. Molecules 2022 · PMID 36432173 · DOI 10.3390/molecules27228072 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-110 | Meat-only diets: little evidence, real risks Lietz A et al.. Nutrients 2026 · PMID 41599961 · DOI 10.3390/nu18020348 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-111 | European paediatricians: offer green vegetables to infants Fewtrell M et al.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2017 · PMID 28027215 · DOI 10.1097/MPG.0000000000001454 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-112 | WHO: at least 400 g fruit and vegetables a day World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2026 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-113 | Stored vegetable purees caused infant methaemoglobinaemia Martinez A et al.. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr 2013 · PMID 23287806 · DOI 10.1097/MPG.0b013e3182849d2b | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-114 | Badly stored vegetable broth caused blue-baby poisoning in Italian infants Raucci U et al.. Clin Toxicol (Phila) 2022 · PMID 35416740 · DOI 10.1080/15563650.2022.2061986 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-115 | EFSA on nitrate in spinach for babies EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM). EFSA Journal 2010 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2010.1935 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-116 | Dietary oxalate raises urinary oxalate Mitchell T et al.. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019 · PMID 30566003 · DOI 10.1152/ajprenal.00373.2018 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-117 | Usual dietary oxalate changes urine oxalate only a little Taylor EN et al.. Clin J Am Soc Nephrol 2008 · PMID 18650406 · DOI 10.2215/CJN.01410308 | Cross-sectional study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-118 | Diet supplies a sizeable share of urine oxalate Holmes RP et al.. Kidney Int 2001 · PMID 11135080 · DOI 10.1046/j.1523-1755.2001.00488.x | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-119 | Boiling greens removes much of their oxalate Chai W et al.. J Agric Food Chem 2005 · PMID 15826055 · DOI 10.1021/jf048128d | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-12 | Egyptian residue monitoring 1997 Dogheim SM et al.. Food Addit Contam 2002 · PMID 12456272 · DOI 10.1080/02652030210157655 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-120 | Oxalate kidney damage is rare but severe Lumlertgul N et al.. Kidney Int Rep 2018 · PMID 30450463 · DOI 10.1016/j.ekir.2018.07.020 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-121 | Mayo Clinic: diet behind some oxalate kidney damage Reddy S et al.. Am J Nephrol 2021 · PMID 34844241 · DOI 10.1159/000520286 | Case series / case report | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-122 | Green smoothie cleanse led to kidney failure Makkapati S et al.. Am J Kidney Dis 2018 · PMID 29203127 · DOI 10.1053/j.ajkd.2017.08.002 | Case series / case report | very low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-123 | Nitrate from vegetables linked to less heart disease Bondonno CP et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2021 · PMID 33884541 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-021-00747-3 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-124 | Nitrate source matters Bondonno NP et al.. Eur J Epidemiol 2024 · PMID 38802612 · DOI 10.1007/s10654-024-01133-5 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-125 | Vegetable nitrate not linked to bowel cancer Erichsen DW et al.. Environ Int 2025 · PMID 40628182 · DOI 10.1016/j.envint.2025.109658 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-126 | Possible thyroid signal for nitrate in one cohort Ward MH et al.. Epidemiology 2010 · PMID 20335813 · DOI 10.1097/EDE.0b013e3181d6201d | Cohort study | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-127 | Cabbage-family vegetables are not bad for the thyroid Galanty A et al.. Int J Mol Sci 2024 · PMID 38612798 · DOI 10.3390/ijms25073988 | Systematic review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-128 | Most brassicas carry little goitrogen Felker P et al.. Nutr Rev 2016 · PMID 26946249 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuv110 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-129 | Humans ferment much of the cellulose in vegetables Slavin JL et al.. J Nutr 1981 · PMID 6257867 · DOI 10.1093/jn/111.2.287 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-13 | Potassium and blood pressure Aburto NJ et al.. BMJ 2013 · PMID 23558164 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.f1378 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-130 | Vegetable cellulose partly broken down in men Kelsay JL et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 1981 · PMID 6269418 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/34.9.1849 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-131 | Every person tested had gut microbes that break down spinach cell walls Chassard C et al.. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 2010 · PMID 20662929 · DOI 10.1111/j.1574-6941.2010.00941.x | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-132 | Leafy greens: frequent but rarely deadly outbreak source Herman KM et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2015 · PMID 25697407 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268815000047 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-133 | Raw produce causes a growing share of US outbreaks Bennett SD et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2018 · PMID 29923474 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268818001620 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-134 | EFSA: raw leafy greens top plant-food hazard EFSA Panel on Biological Hazards (BIOHAZ). EFSA J 2013 · PMID 42124987 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3025 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-135 | Germany 2011: sprouts the likely source Frank C et al.. N Engl J Med 2011 · PMID 21696328 · DOI 10.1056/NEJMoa1106483 | Outbreak report | high | not applicable |
| I-VEG-136 | French cluster confirms fenugreek sprouts King LA et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2012 · PMID 22460976 · DOI 10.1093/cid/cis255 | Outbreak report | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-137 | Melon allergy is mostly mild and tied to pollen allergy Figueredo E et al.. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol 2003 · PMID 14533664 · DOI 10.1016/s1081-1206(10)63534-x | Case-control study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-138 | Profilin links pollen allergy and melon-family allergy Rodríguez Del Río P et al.. J Investig Allergol Clin Immunol 2018 · PMID 28760720 · DOI 10.18176/jiaci.0193 | Narrative review | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-14 | EU nitrate limits for leafy vegetables European Commission. Official document 2023 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-140 | High-residue produce linked to lower IVF success Chiu YH et al.. JAMA Intern Med 2018 · PMID 29084307 · DOI 10.1001/jamainternmed.2017.5038 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-141 | Organic food lowers pesticide exposure; health effects unclear Jiang B et al.. Nutr Rev 2024 · PMID 37930102 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad124 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-142 | Organic produce and breast cancer Berlivet J et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2026 · PMID 41862000 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2026.101284 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-143 | Egyptian vegetables: frequent limit exceedances, low chronic risk Malhat F et al.. Separations 2024 · DOI 10.3390/separations11110318 | Measurement / residue study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-145 | Nightshades and gut disease: a hypothesis Kuang R et al.. Dig Dis Sci 2023 · PMID 37202602 · DOI 10.1007/s10620-023-07955-9 | Narrative review | very low | not applicable |
| I-VEG-15 | EU pesticide residue monitoring 2023 EFSA. Official document 2025 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-16 | Source of the 2011 E. coli outbreak EFSA. Official document 2011 | Risk assessment | moderate | not applicable |
| I-VEG-17 | German authority on bitter zucchini BfR (German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment). Official document 2015 | Guideline / position statement | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-01 | Fibre and whole grains and health Reynolds A et al.. Lancet 2019 · PMID 30638909 · DOI 10.1016/S0140-6736(18)31809-9 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-02 | Refined grains and heart disease (industry-linked author) Gaesser GA. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2024 · PMID 36075506 · DOI 10.1016/j.tcm.2022.08.002 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-03 | Diet and reflux El-Serag HB et al.. Gut 2005 · PMID 15591498 · DOI 10.1136/gut.2004.040337 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-04 | How common is coeliac disease? Singh P et al.. Clin Gastroenterol Hepatol 2018 · PMID 29551598 · DOI 10.1016/j.cgh.2017.06.037 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-05 | Foods and fatty liver He K et al.. Br J Nutr 2020 · PMID 32138796 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114520000914 | Meta-analysis | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-06 | Carbohydrates and liver fat Orliacq J et al.. BMC Med 2023 · PMID 37968623 · DOI 10.1186/s12916-023-03135-8 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-07 | Gluten and heart disease in people without coeliac disease Lebwohl B et al.. BMJ 2017 · PMID 28465308 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.j1892 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-101 | White and whole-wheat flour leave the stomach at the same speed Pletsch EA et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2022 · PMID 34999739 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqab434 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-102 | White bread does not stay longer in the stomach than wholemeal Grimes DS et al.. Gut 1977 · PMID 604193 · DOI 10.1136/gut.18.9.725 | Other | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-103 | High-gluten bread looks clumpier in the stomach but empties normally Coletta M et al.. Br J Nutr 2016 · PMID 26522233 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114515004183 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-104 | Gluten worsened bloating and fullness in some sensitive patients Hosseinian SZ et al.. Nutr Rev 2023 · PMID 37115663 · DOI 10.1093/nutrit/nuad034 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-105 | About 1 in 31 people with iron-deficiency anaemia has coeliac disease Mahadev S et al.. Gastroenterology 2018 · PMID 29689265 · DOI 10.1053/j.gastro.2018.04.016 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-106 | Many Egyptian children with stubborn anaemia had coeliac disease Abd El Dayem SM et al.. Arch Med Sci 2010 · PMID 22371752 · DOI 10.5114/aoms.2010.13900 | Cross-sectional study | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-107 | UK guideline: iron-deficiency anaemia must be investigated Snook J et al.. Gut 2021 · PMID 34497146 · DOI 10.1136/gutjnl-2021-325210 | Guideline / position statement | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-108 | Whole grains linked to lower heart risk; refined grains mostly neutral Hu H et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2023 · PMID 36789934 · DOI 10.1016/j.ajcnut.2022.10.010 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-109 | Across many reviews, refined grains were not clearly linked to death risk Onni AT et al.. Adv Nutr 2025 · PMID 39956388 · DOI 10.1016/j.advnut.2025.100393 | Systematic review | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-110 | No long trials have tested whether whole grains prevent heart attacks Kelly SA et al.. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2017 · PMID 28836672 · DOI 10.1002/14651858.CD005051.pub3 | Meta-analysis | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-111 | Swapping to whole grains slightly improves cholesterol and blood sugar markers Marshall S et al.. J Acad Nutr Diet 2020 · PMID 32933853 · DOI 10.1016/j.jand.2020.06.021 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-112 | High-glycaemic diets were linked to 27% more type 2 diabetes Jenkins DJA et al.. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2024 · PMID 38272606 · DOI 10.1016/S2213-8587(23)00344-3 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-113 | Whole grain eaters had 29% less type 2 diabetes Hu Y et al.. BMJ 2020 · PMID 32641435 · DOI 10.1136/bmj.m2206 | Cohort study | high | not applicable |
| I-WHT-114 | Refined grain eaters gained a bit more waist over time Sawicki CM et al.. J Nutr 2021 · PMID 34255848 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxab177 | Cohort study | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-115 | Trials found whole grains do not change body weight or waist Sadeghi O et al.. Adv Nutr 2020 · PMID 31390462 · DOI 10.1093/advances/nmz076 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-116 | Refined wheat raised liver fat compared with whole-grain wheat Schutte S et al.. Am J Clin Nutr 2018 · PMID 30541093 · DOI 10.1093/ajcn/nqy204 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-117 | Switching to whole grains improved fatty liver in a trial Dorosti M et al.. Br J Nutr 2020 · PMID 31685037 · DOI 10.1017/S0007114519002769 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-118 | Cutting sugar reduced acid reflux in a diet trial Gu C et al.. Am J Gastroenterol 2022 · PMID 35973185 · DOI 10.14309/ajg.0000000000001889 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-119 | Glycaemic index did not affect heartburn, but carbohydrate amount did Wu Y et al.. J Nutr 2021 · PMID 34049396 · DOI 10.1093/jn/nxab128 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-120 | Wheat noodles triggered more reflux symptoms than rice noodles in a small group Patcharatrakul T et al.. Foods 2021 · PMID 35010152 · DOI 10.3390/foods11010026 | Randomised controlled trial | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-121 | In the lab, gliadin made gut tissue leakier in everyone Hollon J et al.. Nutrients 2015 · PMID 25734566 · DOI 10.3390/nu7031565 | Laboratory / cell study | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-122 | Five days of gluten did not make the gut leakier in living people Iven J et al.. United European Gastroenterol J 2025 · PMID 40138597 · DOI 10.1002/ueg2.70014 | Randomised controlled trial | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-123 | Common blood tests for zonulin do not actually measure zonulin Ajamian M et al.. PLoS One 2019 · PMID 30640940 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0210728 | Other | moderate | not applicable |
| I-WHT-124 | Iranian study links refined grains to heart disease, with a reporting problem Tabesh F et al.. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2025 · PMID 39986935 · DOI 10.1016/j.numecd.2025.103866 | Case-control study | low | not applicable |
| I-WHT-125 | Low-carbohydrate diets slightly reduced acid reflux in trials Lakananurak N et al.. Nutrients 2024 · PMID 38337748 · DOI 10.3390/nu16030464 | Meta-analysis | moderate | not applicable |