Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Original statement
بيتكلموا بقى ان الكامبيلو باكتر ... والسالمونيلا هم جوه الفراخ اه هم جوه الفراخ ما فيهاش كلام
verbatim according to source. Translation by the project; the Arabic wording is authoritative.
Translation
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Origin
- Source status
- Video transcript (own words)
- Attribution
- Elawady (machine transcript)
- Video
- بدأت قناة ＂Dr Diaa Al Awady د ضياء العوضي＂ بثًا مباشرًا لايف حلو (Open source)
- Published
- 10 April 2026
- Timestamp
- not available (transcript has no timings)
- Attribution uncertainty
- Archive transcript (YouTube CC or AI-generated); wording may contain transcription errors; no timestamps available.
- Claimed health effect
Campylobacteriosis, salmonellosis.
- Population concerned
general population (not specified)
- Geographic restriction by Elawady
none found
Diverging source versions
- Source status
- Archive editors
- Attribution
- Archive editors (not Elawady)
- Origin
- https://eltayebat.com/rule/industrial-chicken/
- Attribution uncertainty
- Narrative and study selection written by the archive operators; the archive states the forbidden section is documented independently of Dr. Diaa's words.
Scientific assessment
True – The statement is supported by robust evidence.
Certainty of evidence: high – Further research is very unlikely to change the assessment.
1. What was claimed?
Campylobacter and Salmonella are found in chicken.
2. What is demonstrably correct?
This is correct. Campylobacteriosis accounted for 63.7% of confirmed human zoonosis cases in the EU in 2024, and broiler meat was most often implicated in strong-evidence Campylobacter outbreaks (I-EGG-14). In Germany, eating chicken was the main risk factor and 74% of human C. jejuni isolates were attributed to chickens (I-CHK-128); in Egypt, 52-64% of clinical isolates were attributed to retail chicken (I-CHK-129). WHO names undercooked poultry as a major source of Campylobacter and poultry among the main sources of Salmonella (I-CHK-130, I-CHK-141). Salmonella was found on 16-34% of Egyptian retail chicken carcasses (I-CHK-123, I-CHK-124, I-CHK-125).
3. What is wrong or exaggerated?
The implication that this makes chicken inedible is not supported: infections are prevented by thorough cooking and kitchen hygiene, and EFSA describes on-farm control options.
4. What remains unclear?
Not applicable.
5. Which studies support it?
I-EGG-14, I-CHK-05, A-CHK-07, A-CHK-17, I-CHK-09, I-CHK-128, I-CHK-129, I-CHK-130, I-CHK-141, I-CHK-123, I-CHK-124, I-CHK-125.
6. Which studies contradict it?
None.
7. What applies to Germany and Europe?
EU process hygiene criterion: 1000 CFU/g Campylobacter on neck skins of chilled broiler carcasses (Regulation (EC) 2073/2005).
8. What is known about Egypt?
High Salmonella prevalence in broiler chains reported (I-CHK-09).
9. What practical conclusion is appropriate?
Handle raw chicken separately, do not wash it under the tap, and cook it through.
Assessment details
- Rationale for certainty of evidence
EU surveillance: campylobacteriosis and salmonellosis are the two most reported zoonoses; broiler meat is the food most frequently implicated in strong-evidence Campylobacter outbreaks; Salmonella in eggs/egg products is the agent-food pair of most concern; outbreak investigations confirm chicken as a vehicle.
- Source quality
Own words consistent with surveillance data.
- Regional transferability
Applies in the EU and Egypt; magnitude differs.
- Individual exceptions
Severe courses more likely in infants, older and immunocompromised people.
- Regional scope of the claim
- general (biological/medical)
- Last reviewed
- 26 October 2026 provisional
Scientific evidence in detail
Scientifically well supported – The claim agrees with consistent, high-quality evidence.
Research question: Is chicken an important source of human Campylobacter and Salmonella infections, and are these risks prevented by cooking and kitchen hygiene?
Research question in detail (PECO)
- Population
- General population (higher risk: infants, older and immunocompromised people)
- Intervention or exposure
- Handling and eating chicken (raw/undercooked; cross-contamination)
- Comparison
- Other sources
- Geographic scope
- universal; magnitude production-dependent
- Outcomes
- campylobacteriosis
- salmonellosis
- attributable fraction
Study results as reported by the authors. Our assessment follows below.
What speaks for the claim?
EU zoonoses report 2024
EU One Health Zoonoses Report 2024.
- Actual result
- Campylobacteriosis 63.7% of zoonosis cases; broiler meat most often implicated in strong-evidence Campylobacter outbreaks.
- Methodological quality
- high (official surveillance)
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- Reporting differs between countries.
Most Campylobacter infections in Germany trace back to chicken
Rosner BM et al.. Sci Rep 2017 · PMID 28698561 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-05227-x Case-control studyabstract checkednewly addedGerman case-control and MLST source attribution.
- Actual result
- Chicken consumption main risk factor; 74% of human C. jejuni attributed to chickens.
- Methodological quality
- moderate-high
- Relevance
- direct
- Limitations
- Attribution assigns reservoirs, not routes.
In Egypt, chicken is a main source of Campylobacter infection
Saif NA et al.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 · PMID 34033263 · DOI 10.1111/tbed.14165 Otherabstract checkednewly addedEgyptian WGS source attribution pilot.
- Actual result
- 52.3-64.2% of clinical C. jejuni attributed to retail chicken; cattle 35.8-47.7%.
- Methodological quality
- low-moderate (pilot, n = 90)
- Relevance
- direct for Egypt
- Limitations
- Small.
What speaks against the claim?
No high-quality evidence against the claim was found.
What does the overall evidence say?
Editorial assessment based on the studies above – not itself a study result.
Which position is better supported?
Correct: raw chicken is a main source of Campylobacter and an important source of Salmonella; infections are prevented by thorough cooking and avoiding cross-contamination.
Why some studies weigh more
Consistent surveillance, attribution and outbreak data in the EU, USA and Egypt; WHO agrees.
Is a causal relationship established? Yes, established Outbreak investigations, genotyping and case-control studies.
Remaining uncertainty
Exact attributable fractions in Egypt.
Justified conclusion
True; the practical consequence is hygiene and cooking, not avoidance of chicken.
Why do studies seem to disagree?
Attribution studies also identify cattle/dairy as sources (I-CHK-129); this limits but does not contradict the role of chicken.
Does this depend on the country?
- General biological effects
- Pathogen biology universal.
- Eating habits
- Home slaughter and market handling increase contamination (I-CHK-123).
- Origin of the food
- Egyptian market chicken more often contaminated than EU chicken.
- Contaminants
- Multidrug-resistant strains common in Egypt (I-CHK-124, I-CHK-125).
- National production conditions
- Egypt: no national control programme results found.
- Legal rules
- EU process hygiene criteria (Reg. 2073/2005); Egypt NFSA Decision 1/2021.
- Actual monitoring data
- EU: annual One Health report; Egypt: local studies only.
A regional difference is supported by robust data.
Statistical re-check
- Consistency of attribution shares – HS markers: 64.2% + 35.8% = 100%; cgMLST 52.3% + 47.7% = 100% (two-source model). not recalculable from the published data
Certainty of the overall evidence (GRADE, simplified)
- Main outcome
- Chicken as source of human Campylobacter/Salmonella infection
- Starting level
- low (observational studies)
- Reasons for upgrading
- large and consistent effect across settings
- outbreak evidence
- Result
- high
Simplified assessment by a single reviewer, following the GRADE approach; not a formal GRADE panel. GRADE rates the body of evidence for one outcome, not individual studies.
Clinical guidelines and official statements checked
- WHO: Campylobacter (fact sheet) (2020) · Original publication
Undercooked contaminated poultry is believed to be a major contributor; thorough cooking kills Campylobacter; infections can be fatal in young children, elderly and immunosuppressed people. - WHO: Salmonella (non-typhoidal) (fact sheet) (2018) · Original publication
Salmonellosis is mainly contracted through contaminated food of animal origin incl. poultry; 'cook thoroughly' is recommended. - EFSA/ECDC: The European Union One Health 2024 Zoonoses Report (existing study I-EGG-14) (2025) · Original publication
Campylobacteriosis 63.7% of reported zoonosis cases; broiler meat most often implicated in strong-evidence Campylobacter outbreaks; 4.9% of fresh broiler meat units Salmonella-positive.
Search strategy
Documented literature searches for this review (search strings in the original database syntax).
| Database | Date | Search | Looking for | Hits | Included |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Europe PMC | 26 October 2026 | (TITLE:campylobacter) AND (TITLE:"source attribution" OR TITLE:"attribution") AND (ABSTRACT:chicken OR ABSTRACT:poultry) | both directions | 16 | |
| PubMed | 26 October 2026 | campylobacter[ti] AND (attribution[ti] OR attributable[ti]) AND (chicken OR poultry) AND (meta-analysis[pt] OR systematic review[pt] OR review[pt]) | contradicting evidence | 0 | |
| PubMed | 26 October 2026 | salmonella[ti] AND (chicken meat[tiab] OR retail chicken[tiab] OR broiler carcass*[tiab]) AND Egypt[tiab] AND prevalence[tiab] | supporting evidence | 2 | |
| WHO website | 26 October 2026 | fact sheets: Campylobacter; Salmonella (non-typhoidal) | guidelines | 2 |
Open questions
National Egyptian attribution and surveillance.
How deeply was this checked?
12 linked studies: 6 checked in full text (3 of them with a structured risk-of-bias assessment), 6 on the basis of the abstract, 0 bibliographically only. No formal assessment with two independent reviewers and no independent human expert review has taken place yet.
Last scientific review: 26 October 2026
History of the verdict
- 25 October 2026 · Phase 1 · Initial assessment: True (high)
- 26 October 2026 · Phase 4 (systematic evidence review) · Re-examined with extended evidence; verdict unchanged: True (high)
New attribution studies from Germany and Egypt and WHO statements confirm the claim. Safety note preserved and sharpened.
New sources: I-CHK-128 I-CHK-129 I-CHK-130 I-CHK-141
In plain language
It is true that raw chicken often carries Campylobacter and Salmonella bacteria. In Europe, Campylobacter is the most common cause of food-borne bacterial infection, and chicken is a main source. These germs are killed by thorough cooking. Keeping raw chicken away from other foods in the kitchen prevents most infections.
Studies on this claim
Studies supporting the claim (12)
-
EU zoonoses report 2024
EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2025 · PMID 41377167 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9759Otherindependent cross-checkfull text checked★ key studyCampylobacter and Salmonella are the most common food-borne infections in the EU; about 5% of fresh chicken samples and 0.3% of egg samples had Salmonella.
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: high · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Occurrence of zoonoses and zoonotic agents in humans, food, animals and feed in the EU, 2024
- How was the study done?
EU surveillance report under Zoonoses Directive 2003/99/EC
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
e.g., 95,954 fresh broiler meat samples; 12,327 egg samples; 27 EU Member States, UK (NI), 8 non-MS
- What was actually found?
Campylobacteriosis 63.7% of confirmed zoonosis cases, salmonellosis second. Salmonella-positive: fresh meat from broilers 4.9%, turkeys 4.7%, eggs and egg products 0.31%. Adult laying-hen flock Salmonella prevalence 4.0%, target serovars 1.6%. Salmonella in eggs and egg products = agent/food pair of most concern; broiler meat most frequently implicated in strong-evidence Campylobacter outbreaks. Campylobacter PHC 1000 CFU/g on neck skin.
- How large was the observed effect?
Descriptive; trend analyses
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Poultry germs are a real but controllable risk.
- What are the study's limitations?
Reporting differences between countries; Operator vs official sampling differ
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports existence of pathogens; contradicts exaggerated prevalence.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Directly EU.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not representative for Egypt.
-
EFSA: controlling Campylobacter in broilers
EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32874298 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090Risk assessmentindependent cross-checkfull text, structured risk-of-bias assessmentFarm measures could reduce human Campylobacter infections from chicken meat substantially.
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: high · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Effect of on-farm control options on human campylobacteriosis from broiler meat
- How was the study done?
EFSA scientific opinion (PAF modelling, expert knowledge elicitation)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
Not applicable; EU broiler production
- What was actually found?
In the EU, about 27% of broiler flocks and 37% of fresh broiler meat carry Campylobacter (2008 baseline: 71% of batches, 76% of carcasses); chicken meat may cause 20-30% of human cases. Farm measures could cut broiler-related cases by roughly 7-27% each (very uncertain); a 3-log cut in gut counts by 58%.
- How large was the observed effect?
PAF; EKE
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
The risk is real and can be reduced.
- What are the study's limitations?
Wide uncertainty
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports pathogen claim, not avoidance.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Directly EU.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Exact effect sizes; combined effects; anything about digestibility or gut damage from chicken meat.
-
Resistant Campylobacter linked to poultry in the US
Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597Case-control studycited by the Tayebat archiveabstract checkedDomestic resistant infections were linked to eating chicken or turkey at restaurants.
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
What are risk factors for fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infection?
- How was the study done?
Population-based case-control study (FoodNet)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
858 isolates tested; 64 FQ-resistant vs 582 susceptible with travel data; 33 matched case-control pairs; Patients with Campylobacter infection and matched controls
- What was actually found?
11% resistant. Travel OR 7.6 (4.3-13.4). Domestic cases: eating chicken or turkey at commercial establishment matched OR 10.0 (1.3-78).
- How large was the observed effect?
OR, matched OR
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Poultry can transmit resistant Campylobacter.
- What are the study's limitations?
Very wide CI (only 33 pairs); Recall bias
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Moderate.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Precise risk size.
-
US Salmonella outbreak from one chicken company
Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369Outbreak reportcited by the Tayebat archivefull text, structured risk-of-bias assessment634 people fell ill from resistant Salmonella traced to one company's chicken.
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
What caused a large multistate MDR Salmonella Heidelberg outbreak?
- How was the study done?
Outbreak investigation (epidemiological, laboratory, traceback)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
634 cases; 435 interviewed; 634 US case-patients
- What was actually found?
634 sick (38% hospitalised, no deaths); 87% of those with brand data ate Company A chicken; 67% of tested patient isolates resistant, 35% multidrug-resistant; Salmonella in 26% of samples at the implicated plants, down to about 5% after fixes.
- How large was the observed effect?
Descriptive
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Shows why safe handling of raw chicken matters.
- What are the study's limitations?
Single outbreak
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports existence of hazard.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Moderate.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Cannot give routine prevalence in chicken and does not support an 80-85% contamination rate.
-
Salmonella in Egyptian broiler chickens
Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-zCross-sectional studyindependent cross-checkfull text, structured risk-of-bias assessmentAbout 29% of retail chicken carcasses and 32% of farm chickens in one Egyptian province had Salmonella, mostly multidrug-resistant.
Chicken carries Campylobacter and Salmonella, which cause human infections.
Does the study support the specific claim? Partly · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Prevalence, resistance and virulence genes of Salmonella in broilers and retail carcasses
- How was the study done?
Cross-sectional microbiological survey
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
420 samples from 5 broiler farms and 5 retail shops, El-Sharkia, summer 2017
- What was actually found?
Salmonella in 28.6% of all samples (carcasses 29.4%, cloacal swabs 32%, environment 22%); 76.7% of isolates multidrug-resistant; all resistant to trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole; none to imipenem.
- How large was the observed effect?
Descriptive
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
In Egypt, careful handling and cooking of chicken is especially important.
- What are the study's limitations?
Only 5 farms and 5 shops in one province, one season; no human data; descriptive only.
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports concern but not 80-85%.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Low (Egypt).
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not national.
-
Most Campylobacter infections in Germany trace back to chicken
Rosner BM et al.. Sci Rep 2017 · PMID 28698561 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-05227-xCase-control studyindependent cross-checkabstract checked★ key studyAbout three quarters of human C. jejuni isolates were attributed to chickens; kitchen handling of raw poultry was a risk factor.
Chicken is the main reservoir (74% of C. jejuni) and the main risk factor for human infection in Germany.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
What are risk factors for sporadic Campylobacter infection in Germany, and which animal sources contribute?
- How was the study done?
Case-control study plus MLST-based source attribution (asymmetric island model)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
not stated in abstract
- What was actually found?
Consumption of chicken meat and eating out were the most important risk factors; others: preparing poultry at home, preparing raw meat and uncooked food at the same time, contact with poultry, gastric acid inhibitors. Mean probability that human C. jejuni isolates originated from chickens 74%; C. coli 56% chicken and 32% pigs.
- How large was the observed effect?
Consumption of chicken meat and eating out were the most important risk factors; others: preparing poultry at home, preparing raw meat and uncooked food at the same time, contact with poultry, gastric acid inhibitors. Mean probability that human C. jejuni isolates originated from chickens 74%; C. coli 56% chicken and 32% pigs.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Chicken is the main source of this common food poisoning; kitchen hygiene matters.
- What are the study's limitations?
Attribution models assign reservoirs, not exposure route; Sample size not in abstract
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Directly supports the claim.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
German/EU data.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Does not show that cooked chicken is unsafe.
-
In Egypt, chicken is a main source of Campylobacter infection
Saif NA et al.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 · PMID 34033263 · DOI 10.1111/tbed.14165Otherindependent cross-checkabstract checkedHalf to two thirds of patient isolates matched retail chicken; the rest matched cattle/dairy.
About half to two thirds of Egyptian clinical C. jejuni isolates attributed to retail chicken.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: low · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
Which sources contribute to human C. jejuni infection in Egypt?
- How was the study done?
Whole-genome sequencing and probabilistic source attribution (pilot)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
90 isolates
- What was actually found?
Retail chicken: 64.2% (HS markers) and 52.3% (cgMLST) of clinical isolates; cattle reservoir 35.8% and 47.7%.
- How large was the observed effect?
Retail chicken: 64.2% (HS markers) and 52.3% (cgMLST) of clinical isolates; cattle reservoir 35.8% and 47.7%.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Chicken is also a main Campylobacter source in Egypt; dairy and cattle matter too.
- What are the study's limitations?
Pilot; small sample; Only two candidate sources
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports the claim for Egypt.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Pattern similar to EU attribution studies.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Pilot; not precise.
-
WHO: chicken is a major Campylobacter source; cooking kills it
World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2020Guideline / position statementindependent cross-checkfull text checkedWHO names undercooked poultry as a major source and says thorough cooking kills the bacteria.
WHO: undercooked poultry is a major contributor; thorough cooking kills Campylobacter.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
What is campylobacteriosis, how is it transmitted and prevented?
- How was the study done?
Agency fact sheet
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
not applicable
- What was actually found?
Campylobacter is 'the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in the world'; 'consumption of undercooked contaminated poultry is believed to be a major contributor'; 'Campylobacter species can be killed by heat and thoroughly cooking food'; heating, pasteurisation or irradiation is 'the only effective method of eliminating Campylobacter from contaminated foods'; infections can be fatal among very young children, elderly and immunosuppressed people.
- How large was the observed effect?
Campylobacter is 'the most common bacterial cause of human gastroenteritis in the world'; 'consumption of undercooked contaminated poultry is believed to be a major contributor'; 'Campylobacter species can be killed by heat and thoroughly cooking food'; heating, pasteurisation or irradiation is 'the only effective method of eliminating Campylobacter from contaminated foods'; infections can be fatal among very young children, elderly and immunosuppressed people.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Handle raw chicken carefully and cook it through.
- What are the study's limitations?
Fact sheet from 2020
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports the claim and the safety note.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Global.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not quantitative.
-
WHO: poultry is a main Salmonella source; cook thoroughly
World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2018Guideline / position statementindependent cross-checkfull text checkedWHO names poultry among the main food sources of Salmonella and recommends thorough cooking.
WHO: poultry is a main food source of Salmonella; thorough cooking prevents infection.
Does the study support the specific claim? Yes · Methodological quality: moderate · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
What is salmonellosis, how is it transmitted and prevented?
- How was the study done?
Agency fact sheet
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
not applicable
- What was actually found?
Salmonella bacteria 'are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, and cattle'; human salmonellosis 'is generally contracted through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin (mainly eggs, meat, poultry, and milk)'; basic food hygiene practices such as 'cook thoroughly' are recommended.
- How large was the observed effect?
Salmonella bacteria 'are prevalent in food animals such as poultry, pigs, and cattle'; human salmonellosis 'is generally contracted through the consumption of contaminated food of animal origin (mainly eggs, meat, poultry, and milk)'; basic food hygiene practices such as 'cook thoroughly' are recommended.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Cook chicken through and keep raw meat apart.
- What are the study's limitations?
Fact sheet from 2018
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Supports the claim and safety note.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Global.
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not quantitative.
-
A third of market chicken in Alexandria carried Salmonella
Barac D et al.. Indian J Microbiol 2024 · PMID 39678989 · DOI 10.1007/s12088-024-01210-zCross-sectional studyindependent cross-checkabstract checked33% of carcass samples from Alexandria markets were contaminated; a supermarket sample set was free.
Confirms that Salmonella is common on Egyptian retail chicken.
Does the study support the specific claim? No · Methodological quality: low · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
How common is Salmonella in retail chicken and which resistance patterns occur?
- How was the study done?
Cross-sectional microbiological survey of retail chicken (convenience sample)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
60 raw chicken carcass samples from six markets
- What was actually found?
Overall Salmonella contamination 33.3%; liver and gizzard 60% each, neck 50%, wing 30%; heart and small intestine negative; one supermarket negative; markets ranged 30-60%. Main serotypes S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky.
- How large was the observed effect?
Overall Salmonella contamination 33.3%; liver and gizzard 60% each, neck 50%, wing 30%; heart and small intestine negative; one supermarket negative; markets ranged 30-60%. Main serotypes S. Typhimurium and S. Kentucky.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Salmonella on raw chicken in Egypt is common (roughly 1 in 6 to 1 in 3 carcasses) but far below 80-85%.
- What are the study's limitations?
Small convenience sample from one city; Not nationally representative
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts the specific number; supports that contamination is real and higher than in the EU.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Egyptian data; EU levels are lower (4.9%).
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not representative of Egypt as a whole.
-
Salmonella in 16% of whole chickens and 60% of gizzards in Mansoura
Abd-Elghany SM et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2015 · PMID 25004116 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268814001708Cross-sectional studyindependent cross-checkabstract checkedWhole carcasses 16%, gizzards 60%, overall 34%; most isolates were multidrug resistant.
Confirms that Salmonella is common on Egyptian retail chicken.
Does the study support the specific claim? No · Methodological quality: low · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
How common is Salmonella in retail chicken and which resistance patterns occur?
- How was the study done?
Cross-sectional microbiological survey of retail chicken (convenience sample)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
200 samples (50 each of whole carcasses, drumsticks, livers, gizzards), Mansoura
- What was actually found?
Salmonella in 16% (8/50) of whole carcasses, 28% (14/50) drumsticks, 32% (16/50) livers, 60% (30/50) gizzards; overall 34% (68/200). 92.8% of isolates multidrug resistant.
- How large was the observed effect?
Salmonella in 16% (8/50) of whole carcasses, 28% (14/50) drumsticks, 32% (16/50) livers, 60% (30/50) gizzards; overall 34% (68/200). 92.8% of isolates multidrug resistant.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Salmonella on raw chicken in Egypt is common (roughly 1 in 6 to 1 in 3 carcasses) but far below 80-85%.
- What are the study's limitations?
Small convenience sample from one city; Not nationally representative
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts the specific number; supports that contamination is real and higher than in the EU.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Egyptian data; EU levels are lower (4.9%).
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not representative of Egypt as a whole.
-
Salmonella in 18% of native chicken carcasses in Mansoura
El-Saeed BA et al.. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024 · PMID 38965586 · DOI 10.1186/s12941-024-00713-3Cross-sectional studyindependent cross-checkabstract checked18% of native chicken carcasses carried Salmonella, often highly resistant to antibiotics.
Confirms that Salmonella is common on Egyptian retail chicken.
Does the study support the specific claim? No · Methodological quality: low · Certainty of evidence: see overall assessment of the claim
Original publication · Scientific details
Study explained simply
- What did the researchers want to find out?
How common is Salmonella in retail chicken and which resistance patterns occur?
- How was the study done?
Cross-sectional microbiological survey of retail chicken (convenience sample)
- How many people, animals or samples were studied?
150 freshly dressed native chicken carcasses from poultry shops, Mansoura, Jul-Nov 2022
- What was actually found?
Salmonella confirmed (invA PCR) in 18% (27/150) of carcasses. Of 129 isolates, 93.8% resistant to >=3 antibiotics; 82.2% resistant to colistin and to cefepime; 3.9% pan-drug-resistant.
- How large was the observed effect?
Salmonella confirmed (invA PCR) in 18% (27/150) of carcasses. Of 129 isolates, 93.8% resistant to >=3 antibiotics; 82.2% resistant to colistin and to cefepime; 3.9% pan-drug-resistant.
- What do the results mean in everyday life?
Salmonella on raw chicken in Egypt is common (roughly 1 in 6 to 1 in 3 carcasses) but far below 80-85%.
- What are the study's limitations?
Small convenience sample from one city; Not nationally representative
- What does it say about Elawady's specific claim?
Contradicts the specific number; supports that contamination is real and higher than in the EU.
- Do the results apply to Germany and Europe?
Egyptian data; EU levels are lower (4.9%).
- What can explicitly not be concluded from this study?
Not representative of Egypt as a whole.
No study in this group is marked as key.
Studies contradicting or limiting the claim (0)
No studies in this group.
Studies with mixed or unclear results (0)
No studies in this group.
Regional context
Germany / EU
EU process hygiene criterion: 1000 CFU/g Campylobacter on neck skins of chilled broiler carcasses (Regulation (EC) 2073/2005).
Egypt
High Salmonella prevalence in broiler chains reported (I-CHK-09).
- Antibiotic (veterinary drug) residues in poultry meat and eggs
- Antimicrobial use in food animals and antibiotic growth promoters
- Hormones in poultry, meat, milk and farmed fish
- Salmonella in laying hens, eggs and broiler chicken
- Import controls and the meaning of RASFF notifications for Egyptian products
What applies in my country?
General scientific assessment
True Raw chicken commonly carries Campylobacter and Salmonella; cooking and hygiene control this risk.
The following areas of food safety are relevant to this statement:
- Veterinary medicines and antibiotics
- Hormonal growth promoters
- Contaminants (heavy metals, PFAS, PCBs, dioxins, nitrate)
- Pathogens (Salmonella, Campylobacter, etc.)
- Animal husbandry and feed
- Controls, imports, recalls, labelling
Poultry
Choose a country to see the checked information for it.
Limits: legal rules describe what is allowed, not what every single food contains. Measurement data come from samples and are meaningful only together with their method details.
Country of residence or purchase Compare with another country
References
- The European Union One Health 2024 Zoonoses Report.. EFSA, ECDC. EFSA J 2025 · PMID 41377167 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2025.9759
- Update and review of control options for Campylobacter in broilers at primary production.. EFSA BIOHAZ Panel. EFSA J 2020 · PMID 32874298 · DOI 10.2903/j.efsa.2020.6090
- Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter infections: eating poultry outside of the home and foreign travel are risk factors.. Kassenborg HD et al.. Clin Infect Dis 2004 · PMID 15095200 · DOI 10.1086/381597
- National Outbreak of Multidrug Resistant Salmonella Heidelberg Infections Linked to a Single Poultry Company.. Gieraltowski L et al.. PLoS One 2016 · PMID 27631492 · DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0162369
- Antimicrobial resistance profiles and virulence genotyping of Salmonella enterica serovars recovered from broiler chickens and chicken carcasses in Egypt.. Elkenany R et al.. BMC Vet Res 2019 · PMID 31029108 · DOI 10.1186/s12917-019-1867-z
- A combined case-control and molecular source attribution study of human Campylobacter infections in Germany, 2011-2014.. Rosner BM et al.. Sci Rep 2017 · PMID 28698561 · DOI 10.1038/s41598-017-05227-x
- A pilot study revealing host-associated genetic signatures for source attribution of sporadic Campylobacter jejuni infection in Egypt.. Saif NA et al.. Transbound Emerg Dis 2022 · PMID 34033263 · DOI 10.1111/tbed.14165
- WHO fact sheet: Campylobacter (1 May 2020). World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2020
- WHO fact sheet: Salmonella (non-typhoidal) (20 February 2018). World Health Organization. WHO fact sheet 2018
- Prevalence of Non-typhoidal Salmonellae in the Retail Chicken Meat in Alexandria, Egypt.. Barac D et al.. Indian J Microbiol 2024 · PMID 39678989 · DOI 10.1007/s12088-024-01210-z
- Occurrence, genetic characterization and antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella isolated from chicken meat and giblets.. Abd-Elghany SM et al.. Epidemiol Infect 2015 · PMID 25004116 · DOI 10.1017/S0950268814001708
- Colistin-, cefepime-, and levofloxacin-resistant Salmonella enterica serovars isolated from Egyptian chicken carcasses.. El-Saeed BA et al.. Ann Clin Microbiol Antimicrob 2024 · PMID 38965586 · DOI 10.1186/s12941-024-00713-3